• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.53 no.7
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for open/closed eye detection based on modified Hausdorff distance. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts, face detection and open/closed eye detection parts. To detect faces in an image, MCT (Modified Census Transform) is employed based on characteristics of the local structure which uses relative pixel values in the area with fixed size. Then, the coordinates of eyes are found and open/closed eyes are detected using MHD (Modified Hausdorff Distance) in the detected face region. Firstly, face detection process creates an MCT image in terms of various face images and extract criteria features by PCA(Principle Component Analysis) on offline. After extraction of criteria features, it detects a face region via the process which compares features newly extracted from the input face image and criteria features by using Euclidean distance. Afterward, the process finds out the coordinates of eyes and detects open/closed eye using template matching based on MHD in each eye region. In performance evaluation, the proposed algorithm achieved 94.04% accuracy in average for open/closed eye detection in terms of test video sequences of gray scale with 30FPS/$320{\times}180$ resolution.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2016

It is believed that traditional Korean medicines can be managed more scientifically through the development of logical criteria to verify their region of cultivation, and that this could contribute to the advancement of the traditional herbal medicine industry. This study attempted to determine such criteria for Sansuyu. The volatile compounds were obtained from 20 samples of domestic Corni fructus (Sansuyu) and 45 samples of Chinese Sansuyu by steam distillation. The metabolites were identified in the NIST Mass Spectral Library via the obtained gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) data of 53 training samples. Data binning at 0.2 min intervals was performed to normalize the number of variables used in the statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as principle component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software package. Significant variables with a variable importance in the projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 were obtained from OPLS-DA, and variables that resulted in a p-value of less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Finally, among the 11 variables extracted, 1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (9.089 min), nonadecane (20.170 min), butylated hydroxytoluene (25.319 min), 5β,7βH,10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (25.921 min), 7,9-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (34.257 min), and 2-decyldodecyl-benzene (54.717 min) were selected as markers to indicate the origin of Sansuyu. The statistical model developed was suitable for the determination of the geographical origin of Sansuyu. The cultivation areas of four Korean and eight Chinese Sansuyu samples were predicted via the established OPLS-DA model, and it was confirmed that 11 of the 12 samples were accurately classified.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.551-557
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of flavor and taste characteristics of black pepper treated with three different nonthermal sterilization methods, which are intense pulsed light (IPL), ultraviolet (UV), and cold plasma (CP). Also, the sensorial and instrumental evaluation of black pepper before and after nonthermal treatments were analyzed. As a result of color value, UV and CP treatments did not show chromacity difference (ΔE), but IPL treatment showed a significant difference of 6.58. Piperine contents of sample before nonthermal treatments was 10.7±0.53 mg/g and the piperine contents of all samples decreased after nonthermal treatments. The result of the electronic nose analysis were divided into two groups before and after nonthermal treatments, and divided into three group by principle component analysis. According to the intensity test, after nonthermal treatments, all sample had low flavor and taste, and the intensity was in the order of IPL, CP, and UV. In thirteen sensory attribute languages developed through quantitiative descriptive analysis (QDA), the intensity value of the samples were low after nonthermal treatments.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.259-271
• /
• 2012

As the society's expectations of business have drastically amplified in recent years, an increasing number of companies have devoted their resources and managerial attention to corporate social responsibility. However, little information bas been reported on consumers' expectations on social responsibility of restaurant companies. This research studied the consumer's perception on the socially responsible business practices of restaurant companies. The research also investigated if the customer's expectations differ based on the types of restaurants. Overall, it was found that the consumers strongly feel the necessities of restaurants' socially responsible activities and publicity of those activities (4.08 and 4.05, respectively, out of 5). They also responded that the socially responsible behaviors of restaurants somewhat affect their purchase decisions (3.74 out of 5). As a result of a principle component analysis, five types of socially responsible activities(i.e., philanthropic responsibility, economic responsibility, community responsibility, environmental protection responsibility, and consumer protection responsibility) were extracted. In addition, the results showed that the consumer's expectations toward socially responsible activities of restaurants differ based on the types of restaurants (multivariate F=4.616, p=0.000).

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 1994

Fiber-optic biosensor for the detection of organophosphorus compounds in a contaminated water was developed, which was the component of pesticides and agricultural agent. The detection principle of designed sensor was the pH variance induced by a reaction of acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. The pH variance was detected by the optical system to measure the organophosphorus compounds. Litmus was selected as the pH-sensitive dye suitable to the enzyme reaction and a light source to be detected by the optical system. The enzyme entrapped in Ca-alginate gel was immobilized at the inner wall to maintain the high activity of enzyme and to be reused for a long period. The optical fiber was used to miniaturize and control remotely the sensor system. The He-Ne laser with 632 nm was selected as the light source to prevent light intensity fluctuation by the product. Cheap plastic optical fibers were used as the transmission part of the light and the phototransistor was used as the reception part of light based on the wavelength of He-Ne laser. The proposed fiber-optic biosensor has the linear analytical range of 0 ppm-1.5 ppm with response time of 5 minutes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this research is to measure Quality of Life indices using Factor Analysis and Principle Component Analysis and to analyze the spatial patterns of Quality of life distribution in the Seoul Metropolitan Area in terms of spatial association using spatial statistics and spatial exploratory technique. In order to check the degree of clustering, this study used spatial autocorrelation indices, global Moran's I index. In addition, local scale analysis was conducted using Moran Scatterplot and Local Moran's I to identify the spatial association pattern and the high Quality of life. The analysis based on global statics showed that, in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, QoL Indices had been distributed with positive spatial association. According to the local spatial statistics, the general tendency of clustering H-H clusters which were mainly concentrated on the Seoul, L-H clusters were concentrated on the Kyunggi-Do and L-L Clusters showed the regional extent of lagging behind. However, in case of H-H, L-H Clusters they had been spread out in the Newtown as population increase.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2015

In this study, a novel land-cover classification framework for multi-temporal SAR data is presented that can combine multiple features extracted through data transforms and multiple classifiers. At first, data transforms using principle component analysis (PCA) and 3D wavelet transform are applied to multi-temporal SAR dataset for extracting new features which were different from original dataset. Then, three different classifiers including maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), neural network (NN) and support vector machine (SVM) are applied to three different dataset including data transform based features and original backscattering coefficients, and as a result, the diverse preliminary classification results are generated. These results are combined via a majority voting rule to generate a final classification result. From an experiment with a multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR dataset, every preliminary classification result showed very different classification accuracy according to the used feature and classifier. The final classification result combining nine preliminary classification results showed the best classification accuracy because each preliminary classification result provided complementary information on land-covers. The improvement of classification accuracy in this study was mainly attributed to the diversity from combining not only different features based on data transforms, but also different classifiers. Therefore, the land-cover classification framework presented in this study would be effectively applied to the classification of multi-temporal SAR data and also be extended to multi-sensor remote sensing data fusion.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.1573-1582
• /
• 2011

Risk of lung cancer among lung-related diseases has gradually increased during last decades. The chest digital radiography is the primary diagnosis method for lung cancer. Diagnosing lung cancer using this method requires doctors of ripe experience. Despite their experience there are often wrong diagnoses, which decrease early diagnosis and survival rates of patients. The aim of this study was intended to establish the base on the Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) by analyzing Image Recognition Algorithm using Principle component Analysis (PCA) and diagnosing patient's chest X-ray image. The database obtained through this approach enables a doctor to significantly reduce misdiagnosis during the early diagnosis stage, if he or she utilizes it as the preliminary reading step. Case studies were carried out using normal organ, and organs suffering from bronchogenic carcinoma and granuloma. A normal image and unique disease images were extracted after PCA analysis, and their cross-recognition efficiency were compared each other. The result revealed that the recognition rate was much high between normal and disease images, but relatively low between two disease images. In order to increase the recognition efficiency among chest diseases the related algorithms have to be developed continuously in the future study, and such effort will establish the resolute base for CAD.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.9B no.6
• /
• pp.853-862
• /
• 2002

Face Detection can be defined as follows : Given a digitalized arbitrary or image sequence, the goal of face detection is to determine whether or not there is any human face in the image, and if present, return its location, direction, size, and so on. This technique is based on many applications such face recognition facial expression, head gesture and so on, and is one of important qualify factors. But face in an given image is considerably difficult because facial expression, pose, facial size, light conditions and so on change the overall appearance of faces, thereby making it difficult to detect them rapidly and exactly. Therefore, this paper proposes fast and exact face detection which overcomes some restrictions by using neural network. The proposed system can be face detection irrelevant to facial expression, background and pose rapidily. For this. face detection is performed by neural network and detection response time is shortened by reducing search region and decreasing calculation time of neural network. Reduced search region is accomplished by using skin color segment and frame difference. And neural network calculation time is decreased by reducing input vector sire of neural network. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) can reduce the dimension of data. Also, pose estimates in extracted facial image and eye region is located. This result enables to us more informations about face. The experiment measured success rate and process time using the Squared Mahalanobis distance. Both of still images and sequence images was experimented and in case of skin color segment, the result shows different success rate whether or not camera setting. Pose estimation experiments was carried out under same conditions and existence or nonexistence glasses shows different result in eye region detection. The experiment results show satisfactory detection rate and process time for real time system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.86-96
• /
• 2008

General development basis of letter system is recognized by formative value in terms of its function and structure. principle of clustered writing is the most significant feature of Hangeul typography as considered that it is based on function and formativeness. Thus, not only by changes with its form but also by its characteristic syllable combination, space structure is made as consonants and vowels are combined in single letter, then the combination develop into word, sentence, paragraph to make second, third space structure character. This character has significant impact on readability that is core function of typography. With this property, space structure character is regarded as very important component of Hangeul typography. First, space structure character of Hangeul typography is reviewed by relating it to visual perception of gestalt psychology and compared square-framed letter and framed latter By applying square-framed letter and framed latter in same sentence, legibility and readability were studied. Researcher has found that space structure character of Hangeul typography has significant impact on its function, and in terms of future design, it is very critical not only for design but also for communication environment as space structure formativeness of Hangeul typography interact with communication that is basic concept.