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Cosmetic Potential of Enzymatic Treated Ginseng Leaf

  • Lee, Hyun-Sun;Lee, Hyun-Jung;Cho, Hye-Jin;Park, Sung-Sun;Kim, Jin-Man;Suh, Hyung-Joo
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.227-236
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ginseng leaf as a cosmetic material. In this research, we employed enzymatic treated ginseng leaf by using Ultraflo L to improve the recovery of ginsenosides from the ginseng leaf and studied the biological activities and skin safety of the enzymatic treated ginseng leaf for use as a cosmetic material. The total ginsenoside contents of the non-enzymatic treated ginseng leaf (NEGL) and Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) were 271 and 406 mg/g, respectively. The level of metabolite ginsenosides (sum of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, Rh2, and F2) was higher in UTGL (93.1 mg) compared to NEGL (62.4 mg) in one gram ginseng leaf extract. The increase in amounts of ginsenoside types in UTGL compared to NEGL was generally 140% to 157%. UTGL exhibited relatively higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ($IC_{50}$, 2.8 mg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ($IC_{50}$, 1.6 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities compared to NEGL (4.8 mg/mL and 2.2 mg/mL). The UTGL group showed normalized hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and visual wrinkling grade induced-UVB exposure. The UTGL did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites; however, some guinea pigs treated with UTGL on abraded skin sites showed very slight erythema. The primary irritation index (PII) score of UTGL was 0.05 and it was classified as a practically non-irritating material (PII, 0 to 0.5). In skin sensitization tests with guinea pigs, UTGL had a positive rate of skin sensitization at 40%, and the mean evaluation score was 0.4.

Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density (질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Sim, Jae-Seong
    • The Journal of Natural Sciences
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    • v.1
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    • pp.61-113
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    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

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Comparison of Grain Filling Characteristics by Source-Sink Size Control in Glutinous and Non-glutinous Near Isogenic Line of Rice (근동질유전자 계통인 찰벼와 메벼의 전엽과 절영처리에 따른 등숙특성 비교)

  • 김춘송;안종국;정일민;강항원;이재생;고지연;박성태
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.243-250
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    • 2004
  • Two cultivars which are glutinous (Hawcheongchalbyeo) and non-glutinous (Hawcheongbyeo) near isogenic line of rice, were used for this study. The objective of this experiment was to gain the basic information for increasing grain yield of waxy rice by means of source and sink size control. In both Hwacheongbyeo and Hawcheongchalbyeo, the trend of decrease in total and average spikelet weight was ranked as follows; removal of penultimate leaf< removal of flag leaf< removal of flag leaf and 3ya leaf from the top < removal of flag leaf and penultimate leaf < removal of flag leaf, penultimate leaf, and 3rd leaf from the top. The reduction yale of total and average spikelet weight per panicle of Hwacheongbyeo was higher than those of Hwacheongchalbyeo according to the removal of flag leaf, penultimate leaf, and 3rd leaf from the top. In both cultivars, high-density grain ratio and grain filling ratio of the primary branches were higher Hun those of the secondary branches by leaf clipping treatment. The spikelet number and total spikelet weight per pinicle in both Hwacheongbyeo and Hwacheongchalbyeo were decreased by removal of spikelets on branches compared with control, whereas average spikelet weight and grain filling ratio were increased. The increase rate of average spikelet weight of Hwacheongchalbyeo was much higher than that of Hwacheongbyeo by sink size control. High-density grain ratio by removal of spikelets on branches was higher in Hwacheongchalbyeo, but filled grain ratio was higher in Hwacheongbyeo.

Studies on Productivity in Meadow Fescue ( Festuce pratensis Huds. ) V. Vertical distribution of leaf area and dry matter production (Meadow fescue의 건물생산량에 관한 연구 V. 엽면적의 수직적 분포와 건물생산)

  • 이주삼;정충섭
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.187-193
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    • 1984
  • Using the stratifying clip method, we examine the differences in vertical distribution of leaf area and its relationships with dry matter production were investigated in the primary swards of six varieties. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The varieties could be classified into 4 different types according to their of vertical distribution of leaf area within the canopy. Thus, M had a greater leaf area distribution in the base layers and became smaller towards the upper layers, Leto, First and Bundy had the leaf area distribution which was most abundant in the middle layers and became smaller towards the base and the upper layers, Tammisto had a greater leaf area distribution in the middle layers and intensively distributed to the upper layers, and Trader had the relatively uniform leaf area distribution over all layers. 2. Effective leaf area index(ELAI) correlated with leaf area index(LAI), dry weight of plant(DW), stem weight of plant(SW) and stem area index(SAI). 3. The variety with the heading tiller type had the effective leaf area intensively distributed to the upper layers of canopy, but the vegetative type showed a high ratio of effective leaf area index. 4. Varietal differenced was found between the effective leaf area and specific leaf weight(SLW) in each stratum above the layer indicating the highest leaf area density within the canopy. M and Trader had a highly negative significant correlation, but the other varieties was not significant correlation.

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Effective Tillering Pattern and Grain Yield on Different Seeding Dates in Barley (보리 파종기에 따른 유효분벽의 양상과 수량)

  • 신만균
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.460-472
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    • 1995
  • This study was aimed to provide understanding on the eco-physiological response of barley tillers as affected by difference in seeding date. Yield and yield contribution rates of tillers were investigated with the data of field experiments in the former Wheat and Barley Research Institute of Suwon, Korea from September 1982 to July 1984. When barley was sowed 15 days earlier than or at the locally recommended sowing date (i.e. October 5), it produced more mainstem leaves than the that sowed 15 days later than the local recommendation. The effective tillers (i.e. ear-bearing tillers) were observed in concurrently occurring leaves up to 10/0 (abbreviation of the 10th mainstem leaf) from early and optimum sowed crops, while 9/0 from late sowed crops. Tillering followed the production rule of Gatayama(l952) which has the linear leaf appearance pattern. Early sowing produced more effective tillers, but the highest production of effective ears (i.e. ears heavier than 0.505g) was noticed in sowing at the recommended date. The tillers in the axil of first leaf in mainstem (abbreviated as 1) produced more effective ears than other mainstem tillers (i.e. primary tillers such as C, 2, 3 and 4). The tillers from the axil of first leaf, whether they were primary or secondary, always performed better in the production of effective tillers, grains per ear, grain weight, and grain yield per ear than those from the axil of coleoptile or prophyll. Other tillers from subsequent leaves were also inferior in production with the order of their appearance, thus making first leaf tillers as the best performer(e.g. 1 against C, 2, 3, 4 of primary tillers, 11 and 21 against 1P, 12, 13, 2P, 22 of secondary tillers). Even though the first leaf tiller from the first mainstem leaf(i.e. 11) emerged at a same time with the fourth mainstem leaf tiller(i.e. 4), it was always a better producer of ears and grains. The above observations of hierarchy among tillers were persistent irrespective of cropping conditions and treatments. Sowing at the recommended date produced more effective tillers and grains per ear than early or late sowing. In early and late sowings, more grains per effective ear were observed by early sowing, whereas more grains per ear were produced by late sowing. The order of performance in production of effective tillers and ears per plant was as follows: optimum > early > late sowings. In optimum sowing the mainstems were the highest in grain weight per ear, while the first leaf tillers were the ones in early sowing probably due to winter damage on mainstem ears. Yield contribution by the tillers was greater with the following order irrespective of sowing dates: mainstem, 1, 2, 3, C, 11, 12 and Cl. The contribution of CP, 2P, 21 and 31 varied with sowings.

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SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF WATER-STRESSED FOREST CANOPY USING EO-l HYPERION DATA

  • Kook Min-Jung;Shin Jung-Il;Lee Kyu-Sung
    • Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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    • 2005.10a
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    • pp.7-10
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    • 2005
  • Plant water deficiency during drought season causes physiological stress and can be a critical indicator of forest fire vulnerability. In this study, we attempt to analyze the spectral characteristics of water stressed vegetation by using the laboratory measurement on leaf samples and the canopy reflectance spectra extracted from satellite hyperspectral image data. Leaf-level reflectance spectra were measured by varying moisture content using a portable spectro-radiometer. Canopy reflectance spectra of sample forest stands of two primary species (pine and oak) located in central part of the Korean peninsula were extracted from EO-l Hyperion imaging spectrometer data obtained during the drought season in 2001 and the normal precipitation year in 2002. The preliminary analysis on the reflectance spectra shows that the spectral characteristics of leaf samples are not compatible with the ones obtained from canopy level. Although moisture content of vegetation can be influential to the radiant flux reflected from leaf-level, it may not be very straightforward to obtain the spectral characteristics that are directly related to the level of canopy moisture content. Canopy spectra form forest stands can be varied by structural variables (such as LAt, percent coverage, and biomass) other than canopy moisture content.

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A Flash-based B+-Tree using Sibling-Leaf Blocks for Efficient Node Updates and Range Searches

  • Lim, Seong-Chae
    • International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.12-24
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    • 2016
  • Recently, as the price per bit is decreasing at a fast rate, flash memory is considered to be used as primary storage of large-scale database systems. Although flash memory shows off its high speeds of page reads, however, it has a problem of noticeable performance degradation in the presence of increasing update workloads. When updates are requested for pages with random page IDs, in particular, the shortcoming of flash tends to impair significantly the overall performance of a flash-based database system. Therefore, it is important to have a way to efficiently update the B+-tree, when it is stored in flash storage. This is because most of updates in the B+-tree arise at leaf nodes, whose page IDs are in random. In this light, we propose a new flash B+-tree that stores up-to-date versions of leaf nodes in sibling-leaf blocks (SLBs), while updating them. The use of SLBs improves the update performance of B-trees and provides the mechanism for fast key range searches. To verify the performance advantages of the proposed flash B+-tree, we developed a mathematical performance evaluation model that is suited for assessing B-tree operations. The performance comparisons from it show that the proposed flash B+-tree provides faster range searches and reduces more than 50% of update costs.

Investigation on the Photooxidation of Pigment in Leaf-Burning Disease of Panax ginseng 1. Phenomenological observation and analysis on the chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon (인삼 엽소병에서 색소의 광산화작용에 관한 연구 1. Chlorophyll bleaching의 현상학적 연구)

  • Yang, Deok-Jo;Yu, Hui-Su;Yun, Jae-Jun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.91-100
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    • 1987
  • This study was investigated and analyzed the side of phenomenological of the chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon on the leaf burning-disease of the Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaf. Red light (660-700 nm) was confirmed as one which induced the bleaching phenomenon and blue light (400-500 nm) did not at all. Temperature as 1 environmental factor had not any influence on chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon at all. Therefore, simple burning (thermal damage) hypothesis was perfectly ruled out by the result of this study. And, low pH accelerated chlorophyll bleaching velocity. A primary factor of chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon may be peculiar structural difference of the Ginseng leaf compared with other plant.

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Genetic Relationship between Seed size and Leaf Size in 66 $F_2$ Populations Derived from Mating of 12 Soybean Strains (대두 12 모본의 half diallel cross로부터 생성된 66 $F_2$ 분리집단에서의 종자크기와 잎 크기에 대한 관계)

  • 정종일
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.437-442
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    • 1998
  • Seed and leaf size is the important morphological traits considered by plant breeder and is the important yield components in soybean. The objective of this research was to know the relationship between seed size and leaf size in 66 $F_2$ populations derived from half diallel mating system with 12 soybean strains, representing distinct seed and leaf size. The range of seed size for 12 parents used was 6.7 to 43.8 g/100 seed. Leaf width leaf length ranged 5.7 to 8.6 cm and 9.4 to 12.9 cm, respectively. Leaf width was highly correlated with leaf length with an R square of 0.754 in the $F_2$ generation. The $F_2$ regression` coefficient indicated that leaves were, on average 1.4 times greater length than in width . Leaf size (width) was highly correlated (r.0.91) with seed size (g/100 seed) in the $F_2$ generation with an R square of 0.833. Our results indicate postive correlation within seed and leaf size is common in $F_2$ segregating populations derived from crossing with soybean. The strong liner relationship we observed between leaf size and seed size in $F_2$ segragating population is useful in that in that indirect selection for a secondary character may be superior to direct selection for the primary character.

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Effects of salmon carcass on forest and stream ecosystems, in Hokkaido, Japan -evidence by stable isotope analysis-

  • Yanai, Seiji;Kochi, Kaori
    • Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.198-203
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    • 2003
  • The effects of salmon carcasses on forest and stream ecosystems were determined by nitrogen stable isotope analysis in natural streams in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, where numerous chum salmon (Oncoryhncus keta) were migrated upstream ITom ocean to spawn in autumn. The leaves and soils surrounding riparian forest and stream dwelling invertebrates were collected before and after migration. The nitrogen stable isotope ratio $({\delta}^{15}N)$ of riparian vegetation (Salix spp.) were different depending on the presence of salmon and distance from the stream. The $({\delta}^{15}N)$ of stream dwelling invertebrates were different between salmon present and absent stream. This difference was tested using the experiment channel by implanting salmon carcasses. The nitrogen stable isotope ratio of epilithic algae and leaf shredding animals were nearly 3 higher in the salmon implanted treatment suggesting that around 20% of salmon derived nitrogen was uptake either in algae and leaf shredding invertebrates. These results suggest that the salmon carcasses effects not only on stream primary production but also on primary consumers, which decompose leaves fertilized with nitrogen from carcasses.

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