• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.29-42
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between educational needs and the caregiving burden of primary caregivers with stroke patient. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 2016 with 115 primary caregivers for stroke patients at a university hospital. The caregiving burden and educational needs were investigated using structured questionnaires via interviews. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, the t-test or ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0. Results: The scores of caregiving burden and educational needs of primary caregiver with stroke patient were $77.65{\pm}1.66$ and $123.33{\pm}2.37$, respectively. The caregiving burden was associated with health status in primary caregivers' general characteristics. The caregiving burden and educational needs of primary caregivers have a significant correlation (r = .44, p <.001). Conclusions: Educational needs of primary caregivers with stroke patient are associated with their caregiving burden. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a primary caregiver centered intervention program considering educational needs to improve their caregiving burden. Also, to promote quality of nursing, there is the need to increase the educating competency of nurse and nursing professionalism of clinical nurse using various educational training program.

• 보건의료기술평가
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2018

This review aims to provide implications for relevant domestic policies and researches from Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH), a reinforcement model for primary care and its evaluations in the United States. As chronic diseases became dominant, changes in the health care delivery system in which primary care is central was required. The United States initiated primary care-reinforcing policies based on the PCMH following the increased demand for evidence-based health care policies. The current activities of the United States such as sharing research tools used to evaluate primary care interventions and circulating evaluation findings provide examples to Korea. Systematic evaluations for primary care interventions are required and appropriate methods using various types of data to reflect the real-world settings should be prepared. It is necessary to conduct policy assessment studies of public interests considering regional context. Support for the researches to make and advance from the existing environment must be examined.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 1997

The authors reviewed 167 malignant effusions from 110 patients, of which the primary site was established on the basis of either biopsy or surgical resection of the primary neoplasm. Main factors analysed were the distribution of primary organs and the cytohistoiogic correlation of body cavity effusions. The 167 fluid specimens from 110 patients consisted of 90 cases(53.9%) of pleural, 68(40.7%) of peritoneal, and 9(5.4%) of pericardial origins. Histologically they consisted of 82 cases(74.5%) of adenocarcinoma, 8(7.3%) of malignant lymphoma, 6(5.5%) of squamous ceil carcinoma, and 3(2.7%) of small cell carcinoma. The most common site among the primary lesions was the stomach in 25 cases(22.7%) followed by the lung in 21(19.1%), ovary on 17(15.5%), and breast in 7(6.4%). As for the distribution of primary tumors in adenocarcinoma, the most common site was lung un 16 cases (48.5%) in pleural fluid and stomach in 22(48.9%) in peritoneal fluid. In pericardial effusions, all 5 cases were from the lung. As a whole, the cytologic findings of malignant effusion were fairly representative of histologic characteristics of primary lesions. Thus, when the primary lesion Is unknown, careful evaluation of effusion cytology is presumed to be a helpful tooi for tracing the primary tumor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2901-2904
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• 2014

The incidence of colorectal cancer has been increasing in many Asian countries including Malaysia during the past few decades. A physician recommendation has been shown to be a major factor that motivates patients to undergo screening. The present study objectives were to describe the practice of colorectal cancer screening by primary care providers in Malaysia and to determine the barriers for not following recommendations. In this cross sectional study involving 132 primary care providers from 44 Primary Care clinics in West Malaysia, self-administered questionnaires which consisted of demographic data, qualification, background on the primary care clinic, practices on colorectal cancer screening and barriers to colorectal cancer screening were distributed. A total of 116 primary care providers responded making a response rate of 87.9%. About 21% recommended faecal occult blood test (FOBT) in more than 50% of their patients who were eligible. The most common barrier was "unavailability of the test". The two most common patient factors are "patient in a hurry" and "poor patient awareness". This study indicates that colorectal cancer preventive activities among primary care providers are still poor in Malaysia. This may be related to the low availability of the test in the primary care setting and poor awareness and understanding of the importance of colorectal cancer screening among patients. More awareness programmes are required for the public. In addition, primary care providers should be kept abreast with the latest recommendations and policy makers need to improve colorectal cancer screening services in health clinics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9233-9239
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• 2014

Background: We aimed to evaluate the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression discordance in matched pairs of primary breast cancer and lymph node metastasis specimens and determine the effect of discordance on prognosis. Materials and Methods: Among all patients diagnosed with lymph node metastases from 2004 to 2007, primary tumors and paired lymph node metastases were resected from 209 patients. The status of ER, PR, and HER2 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 200, 194, and 193 patients, respectively. Discordance was correlated with prognosis. Results: Biomarker discordance between primary tumors and paired lymph node metastases was 25.0% (50/200) for ER status, 28.9% (56/194) for PR status, and 14.0% (27/193) for HER2 status. ER positivity was a significant independent predictor of improved survival when analyzed in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Patients with PR-positive primary tumors and paired lymph node metastases displayed significantly enhanced survival compared to patients with PR-positive primary tumors and PR-negative lymph node metastases. Patients with ER- and PR-positive primary tumors and paired lymph node metastases who received endocrine therapy after surgery displayed significantly better survival than those not receiving endocrine therapy. Similalry treated patients with PR-negative primary tumors and PR-positive paired lymph node metastases also displayed better survival than those not receiving endocrine therapy. Conclusions: Biomarker discordance was observed in matched pairs of primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Such cases displayed poor survival. Thus, it is important to reassess receptor biomarkers used for lymph node metastases.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 주파수 공유 환경에서 일차 사용자가 양방향 중계기 (full duplex relay, FDR)를 사용하는 경우의 이차 사용자의 통신 용량에 대해서 분석한 논문이다. 주파수 공유 시스템에서, 이차 사용자가 일차 사용자의 주파수를 공유하기 위해서는 다양한 일차 사용자의 시스템에 맞는 주파수 공유 기법이 연구되어야 한다. 그러나 기존의 연구들은 오직 일대일 통신 기반의 일차 사용자 시스템만을 고려하였다. 일차 사용자가 FDR을 사용할 때는 일차 사용자의 중계기와 목적지가 이차 사용자로부터 동시에 간섭을 받게 된다. 따라서 기존의 일대일 통신 기반의 주파수 공유 기법 보다 좀 더 엄격한 간섭 제약이 적용되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 일차 사용자가 FDR을 사용하는 주파수 공유 시스템에서 평균 및 순시 간섭 파워 제약 조건 하에서의 이차 사용자의 통신 용량을 분석한다. 또한 이러한 시스템에서 간섭 제약을 고려했을 때의 성능 열화를 분석한다. 모의 실험 결과를 통해서 평균 간섭 파워 제약 조건 하에서의 이차 사용자 통신 용량과 일차 사용자의 통신 용량이 순시 간섭 파워 제약 조건 하에서의 통신용량보다 성능이 좋음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2017

Objective : This 2009-2011 nation-wide study of adult Koreans was aimed to provide characteristics, medical utilization states, and survival rates for newly diagnosed patients with primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors. Methods : Data for patients with primary spine tumors were selected from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. The data included their age, sex, health insurance type, co-morbidities, medical cost, and hospital stay duration. Hospital stay duration and medical costs per person occurring in one calendar year were used. In addition, survival rates of patients with primary malignant spine tumors were evaluated. Results : The incidence rate of a primary spine tumor increased with age, and the year of diagnosis ($p{\leq}0.0001$). Average annual medical costs ranged from 1627 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) to 6601 USD (spinal cord tumor) for primary nonmalignant spine tumor and from 12137 USD (spinal meningomas) to 20825 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) for a primary malignant spine tumor. Overall survival rates for those with a primary malignant spine tumor were 87.0%, 75.3%, and 70.6% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The Cox regression model results showed that male sex, medicare insurance were significantly positive factors affecting survival after a diagnosis of primary malignant spine tumor. Conclusion : Our study provides a detailed view of the characteristics, medical utilization states, and survival rates of patients newly diagnosed with primary spine tumors in Korea.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.575-587
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• 2024

The contact pressure between the surrounding rock and the support is an important indicator of the surrounding rock pressure. There has been a bottleneck in the prediction of contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support in deep-buried mountain tunnels. The main reason is that a reliable method wasn't existed to quantify the contact loads. This study had been taken into account the flexible support role of the primary support, and the fitting curve of surrounding rock deformation for dynamic tunnel construction was proposed. New formulas for the calculation of contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support were obtained by inversion. Comparative analysis of the calculation results with numerical simulation verified the reliability of the calculation method in this study. It can be seen from the analyses that the contact load between surrounding rock and primary support increases, remains unchanged and decreases during acceleration, uniform velocity and deceleration, respectively, and the deformation of the surrounding rock in the acceleration and deceleration stages cannot completely converted into contact loads. The contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support of medium-strength and weak surrounding rock tunnels are generally within 150 kPa and 1 MPa, respectively. For tunnels with weak surrounding rock, advanced support can be installed to reduce the unique release coefficient λ₀ and the value of the constant D, with the purpose of reducing the contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support. Changes in support parameters have a small effect on the contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support, but increase or decrease the safety factor, resulting in a waste of resources or a situation that threatens the safety of the support. The results of this research provide guidance for the prediction of contact loads between surrounding rock and primary support for dynamic tunnel construction.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2010

해양 식물플랑크톤 일차생산력의 전 지구적 중요성에도 불구하고 자료 처리상의 어려움 때문에 국내에서는 신뢰할만한 자료가 많지 않다. 식물플랑크톤 일차생산력은 시간-수심 적분 과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 단위 면적당 하루 일차생산력을 구하지만, 시간 적분에 대한 연구결과는 많지 않은 편이다. 본 연구에서는 단위 시간당 일차생산력을 시간 적분하여 하루 일차생산력을 계산하는 수학적 모델을 제시하고 새만금호를 대상으로 모델의 실효성을 검정해 보았다. 검정 결과, 시간 적분 모델이 일사량 실측치를 대입하여 합산한 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 일차생산력 계산을 위한 기초 광량 자료는 변화가 심한 일 자료보다 한 달 또는 한 주간 평균 자료를 대입하는 것이 더 신뢰성 있는 결과에 도움이 되는 것으로 판단되었다. 일차생산력 수직적분은 수직적으로 불균일한 식물플랑크톤 분포 때문에 어려움이 있으나, 엽록소 분포를 몇 가지 유형으로 분류하여 수식화한 다음, 각 수식을 시간 적분한 일차생산력 모델과 합성하여 적분하면 해결할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.295-317
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prevent oral disease of primary school, middle school, and high school students, providing basic data for the development of oral health education programs. Data were collected from 898 primary school, middle school, and high school students from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The subjects of this study were primary school students(32.6%), middle school students(33.0%), and high school students(34.4%). Boy students were slightly more prevalent than girl students. That is, primary school boys were 56.3%, middle school boys were 53.2%, and high school boys were 52.6%. 2) According to the self-judgement of oral health, primary school students were better than middle/high school students and boy students were better than girl students, 63.5% of primary school students and 57.8% of middle/high school students brushed their teeth once or twice a day. 3) 76.3% of middle/high school students and 63.5% of primary school students experienced dental caries. Girl students were higher than boy students in experiencing dental caries, 35.9% of primary school students and 27.6% of middle/high school students experienced periodontal disease. 4) 22.9% of primary school students and 7.9% of middle/high school students received oral examinations periodically. Girl students showed a higher rate than boy students in primary school, while boy students showed a higher rate than girl students in middle/high school. 5) Explaining to the reasons for reluctant visits to dental hospitals and clinics, 'no time to go' was highest(22.9% of primary school students; 27.4% of middle/high school students) and the rate of 'feeling scared' was second highest. Middle/high school students were more reluctant to visit dental hospitals and clinics than primary school students. In case of problematic symptoms in the mouth, the rate of 'feeling painful or cold in teeth when eating cold or hot foods' was highest, 71.3% of primary school students was concerned about oral health, while 68.6% of middle/high school students was concerned about it. 6) In gathering to the sources of information on oral health, the rate of medical institutions was highest(30.0%) in primary school students, while the rate of family members or persons around them was highest in middle/high school students. 7) 54.9% of primary school students received oral health education, while 13.1% of middle/high school students received it. Only 4.7% of middle school and high school girls received it. In relation to dental health education, the rate of 'possibility of prevention of oral caries or disease of the gum' was highest. 79.5% of primary school students and 80.3% of middle school students answered that they would attend oral health education. 8) 60.4% of primary school students and 60.2% of middle/high school students think the purpose of oral health is to prevent dental caries and disease of the gums. In preventing dental caries, 78.8% of primary school students and 71.8% of middle school students thought that periodical oral examination was effective, 88.4% of primary school students and 88.8% of middle/high school thought that brushing one's teeth was effective and 64.1% of primary school students and 50.7% of middle school students thought that the use of toothpaste containing fluoride was effective. In preventing periodontal disease, 91.1% of primary school students and 90.2% of middle/high school students thought that brushing one's teeth was effective, while 72.4% of primary school students and 70.3% of middle/high school students thought that teeth cleaning was effective. 9) 16.0% of middle school students and 12.7% of high school students thought that their oral health condition was healthy. According to individual experiences in dental treatment, the rate of experience of middle school students was higher than that of high school students, 12.7% of middle school students received oral examinations periodically, while only 3.3% of high school students did so. 10) In cases of 'having no problematic symptoms in the mouth' and 'concerns about oral health', the rate of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. In gathering obtaining information on oral health, the rate of obtaining it through broadcast media including TV, Radio, etc. was highest in middle school students, while the rate of obtaining it through family members or persons around them was highest in high school students. 11) 81.7% of middle school students have not received oral health education. In case of girl students, 97.3% have not received it in high school students. 85.6% of middle school students and 151.2% of high school students think that oral health education is necessary. 12) According to the knowledge level of oral health, the point of high school students($26.33{\pm}2.33$) was similar to the point of high school students($26.23{\pm}2.30$). It appeared that the point of primary school students was highest($26.35{\pm}2.50$) The more concerned about oral health the students were the higher the knowledge level of oral health was. In conclusion, the middle/high school students' knowledge level of oral health was lower than primary school students. The rate of middle/high School students' experience in oral health education was too low. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify oral health education for middle/high school students. Especially, the necessity of oral health education to girl students is strongly recommended. Developing an oral health education program for primary school, middle school, and high school students, related public authority and organizations, teachers; and dentists must actively make efforts together in order to maintain healthy teeth through having students prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.