• Title/Summary/Keyword: price response

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A Study on Impact and Countermeasures of Marine Fuels in the FuelEU Maritime Regulation (FuelEU Maritime 규제 적용에 따른 해양 연료의 영향분석 및 대응방안 연구)

  • Jin-Hyung Kim;Jae-Hyuk Choi
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.61 no.2
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    • pp.88-97
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    • 2024
  • This study performed the analysis on an economic feasibility of each marine fuel, potential fuel pathways and the relevance of compliance measures to ensure compliance with the FuelEU Maritime regulation. Additionally, it identified certain regulatory gaps to encourage the use of alternative marine fuels. Regarding GHG emissions calculations, the existing GHG regulations for ships applies the Tank-to-Wake (TtW) method, whereas FuelEU Maritime applies the Well-to-Wake (WtW) method. The main results present that important information to establish response strategy for FuelEU Maritime including the costs and benefits of each marine fuel, the minimum blending ratio of alternative fules, and compliance impacts of measures. For the regulatory costs and benefits of marine fuels following the implementation of the FuelEU Maritime from 2025, our findings indicate that while most fossil fuels incur regulatory costs from 2025, most of biofuels and RFNBO fuels do not incur costs until 2050. This will play a role to narrow the price gap between fossil fuels and alternative fuels.

A Survey on the Effect of Consumer's Social-Economic Status on Beef Purchase Attitude (소비자의 사회 경제적 위치가 쇠고기 구매 태도에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Seong-Kap;Yang, Seok-Jin;Kim, Dong-Hoon;Cho, Bong-Jae;Jang, Jung-Young;Lee, Hyo-Ku;Yoon, Bo-Ra;Lee, Young-Jun;Lee, Ok-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.132-141
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    • 2012
  • This current survey was conducted to examine consumer attitudes toward factors determining beef purchasing and improving distribution systems. The frequency of beef purchasing was shown to reflect social and economic status, where inhabitants in large cities, such as Seoul, with higher salaries showed a higher frequency. In addition, consumers that were in their forties bought beef more frequently than consumers that were in their twenties. Consumers in Seoul and the megalopolis with a monthly income of higher than 200 million won preferred to purchase meat from department stores and discount markets. In contrast, people in small cities with lower incomes tended to buy meat from butcher shops and brand shops. In a question regarding unsatisfaction factors of retail beef, individuals that were in their thirties with a high income had concerns associated with packaging problems. For people under thirty with low income, the consistency of quality and price were the prime concerns. In regards to the beef grading system, consumer response varied between inhabitants, monthly income and age group, where consumers from small cities that were in their twenties and forties with a low income had a negative viewpoint. For the differential beef distribution system, housewives between the ages of 30 and 40 from a small city with an income higher than 200 million won had a positive response; however, a large number of consumers were not familiar with this system. The most demanding beef cuts were in the following order: loin, flank and rib. In addition, the most important factors determining purchasing beef were as follows: price, breed and portion.

Untitled Effect: Effect of Type of Artwork Title on Audience Reaction (무제의 효과: 미술품 제목의 유형이 관람자 반응에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Ju-Yeon;Shin, Hyung-Deok
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.16 no.9
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    • pp.600-611
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    • 2016
  • This study examined the impacts of types of titles of artworks, especially 'untitled', on audience reponse. Generally, naming can be a tool to represent characteristics of objects, affecting their market value and price. Since contemporary artworks are often untitled, this study aimed to investigate how naming 'untitled' would affect audience response. As the size of arts market increasing, how the audience, potential buyer of artworks, responds to artworks is important. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that the audience would have different level of understanding, attention, attractiveness and curiosity to untitled artworks, controlling other factors. In the regression results from the data of 305 respondents, we found that people had significantly lower level of understanding and attention on untitled artworks than on artworks of explanatory or associative titles. In addition, respondents showed significantly higher level of curiosity when the artwork was an painting. This study confirmed the assertions of prior research that titles are indeed important, and further implied that artwork creators should be more concerned on naming their artworks since titles as well as artworks themselves could actually affect audience response.

Smart meter data transmission device and power IT system using LTE and IoT technologies (LTE와 IoT 기술을 이용한 스마트미터 데이터 전송장치와 전력 IT 시스템)

  • Kang, Ki-Beom;Kim, Hong-Su;Jwa, Jeong-Woo;Kim, Ho-Chan;Kang, Min-Jae
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.10
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    • pp.117-124
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    • 2017
  • A Smart Grid is a system that can efficiently use energy by exchanging real-time information in both directions between a consumer and a power supplier using ICT technology on an existing power network. DR(Demand response) is an arrangement in which electricity users can sell the electricity they save to the electricity market when the price of electricity is high or the power system is crisis. In this study, we developed a power meter data transmission device and power IT system that measure the demand information in real-time using a smart meter and transmit it to a cloud server. The power meter data transmission device developed in this study uses alight sensor connected to a Raspberry Pi 3 to measure the number of blinking lamps on the KEPCO meter per unit of power, in order to provide reliable data without any measurement errors with respect to the KEPCO power data. The power measurement data transmission device uses the standard communication protocol, OpenADR 2.0b. The measured data is transmitted to the power IT system, which consists of the VEN, VTN, and calculation program, via the LTE WiFi communication network and stored in its MySQL DB. The developed power measurement data transmission device issues a power supply instruction and performs a peak reduction DR when a power system crisis occurs. The developed power meter data transmission device has the advantage of allowing the user to adjust it every 1 minute, where as the existing smart metering time is fixed at once every 15 minutes.

The use Frequency and Amount of Food Sources of Sodium and Knowledge Requirement, and Job Satisfaction of Dietitians and Nutrition Teachers according to the School Types in Busan (부산지역 학교유형별 영양(교)사의 지식요구도, 직무만족도 및 나트륨 급원재료 사용량)

  • Yeon, Jee-Young;Lee, Soon-Kyu;Kang, Baeg-Won
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.198-211
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: To investigate the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium and knowledge requirement, and job satisfaction with school food services according to the school types in Busan. Methods: A total of 98 schools were surveyed and knowledge requirement and job satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium for 10 school days were examined. Results: The response rate of the most difficult area among dietitians' tasks was significantly high in 'nutrition education and counseling' for elementary schools and 'hygiene management' for high schools (p < .05). The response rate of the factors to be considered in meal planning was significantly high in 'energy and nutrients requirement' for elementary schools and 'menu/taste preference of students' for middle and high schools (p < .05). The response rate of whether school food services affect health and eating habits of students or not was significant high in 'very helpful' for elementary schools (p < .001). The average sodium contents in the meals of elementary, middle and high schools was 1981.4 mg/meal/person/day, 1867.3 mg/meal/person/day and 1,329.9 mg/meal/person/day, respectively. For foods in highest sodium, Kimchi, Oribulgogi, and Kare rice were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. The main reason for not providing the fruits was 'price' among all groups. The knowledge requirement such as 'nutrition and menu management', 'nutrition education', and 'nutrition counseling' was significantly higher in elementary school compared with middle and high school (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .01 respectively). The dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary schools have a higher job satisfaction compared with those of middle schools (p < .01). The job satisfaction was positively correlated with knowledge requirement of dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary and middle schools. Conclusions: The results suggest that developing dietitians' education program about knowledge requirement contribute to increasing the school food service and job satisfaction in elementary and middle schools.

Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) of the selection attributes of functional cosmetics (기능성화장품 선택속성의 IPA(중요도-만족도) 분석)

  • Han, Do-Kyung;Lee, Hyun-Jun;Paik, Hyun-Dong;Shin, Dong-Kyoo;Park, Dae-Sub;Hwang, Hye-Sun;Hong, Wan-Soo
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.527-536
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to generate baseline data for vitalizing the sales of functional cosmetics through an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of the selection attributes of functional cosmetics. From the analysis of consumers' selection criteria, the study will assist functional cosmetics companies in reflecting consumer demands and therefore securing competitiveness. For this, general consumers aged over 20 years were surveyed for 5 weeks from Feb 23 through Mar 30, 2015, and 447 empirical data (response rate 88.9%) were processed through SPSS WIN 21.0 program for analysis. To conduct gender difference analysis on the IPA of the selection attributes of functional cosmetics, 17 selection attributes were categorized into 4 factors: functionality, labeling, popularity, and product. Cronbach's alpha for all factors was 0.5, proving the internal consistency and reliability of the survey. The survey results showed that while the entire average came out significantly higher for females (5.89/7points) than for males (5.66/7points) (p<0.001), the selection attributes 'anti-wrinkling', 'whitening function', 'functionality', 'expiration date', 'full ingredient labeling system' and 'various promotional events' showed significant gender differences. IPA results pertaining to gender showed 'price', 'functionality', 'spreadability' and 'full ingredient labeling system' as 2nd quadrant attributes, whereas female consumers selected 'price', 'whitening function', 'anti-wrinkling', 'functionality' and 'full ingredient labeling system' as attributes. Results show that businesses in the field of cosmetics and related areas need to prioritize improving the following factors that received low satisfaction from all consumers: 'price', 'functionality', and 'total labeling.' In particular, the 'price' aspects are considered to require reasonable and affordable pricing.

A Correlation Analysis between International Oil Price Fluctuations and Overseas Construction Order Volumes using Statistical Data (통계 데이터를 활용한 국제 유가와 해외건설 수주액의 상관성 분석)

  • Park, Hwan-Pyo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.273-284
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    • 2024
  • This study investigates the impact of international oil price fluctuations on overseas construction orders secured by domestic and foreign companies. The analysis employs statistical data spanning the past 20 years, encompassing international oil prices, overseas construction orders from domestic firms, and new overseas construction orders from the top 250 global construction companies. The correlation between these variables is assessed using correlation coefficients(R), determination coefficients(R2), and p-values. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between international oil prices and overseas construction orders. The correlation coefficient between domestic overseas construction orders and oil prices is found to be 0.8 or higher, signifying a significant influence. Similarly, a high correlation coefficient of 0.76 is observed between oil prices and new orders from leading global construction companies. Further analysis reveals a particularly strong correlation between oil prices and overseas construction orders in Asia and the Middle East, potentially due to the prevalence of oil-related projects in these regions. Additionally, a high correlation is observed between oil prices and orders for industrial facilities compared to architectural projects. This suggests an increase in plant construction volumes driven by fluctuations in oil prices. Based on these findings, the study proposes an entry strategy for navigating oil price volatility and maintaining competitiveness in the overseas construction market. Key recommendations include diversifying project locations and supplier bases; utilizing hedging techniques for exchange rate risk management, adapting to local infrastructure and market conditions, establishing local partnerships and securing skilled local labor, implementing technological innovations and digitization at construction sites to enhance productivity and cost reduction The insights gained from this study, coupled with the proposed overseas expansion strategies, offer valuable guidance for mitigating risks in the global construction market and fostering resilience in response to international oil price fluctuations. This approach is expected to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic and foreign construction firms seeking success in the international arena.

Study on Interrelation between the Service Industrial Production Index and the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index (서비스업생산지수와 서비스업도소매지수와의 상호연관성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Joo Il
    • Journal of Service Research and Studies
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.83-95
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    • 2016
  • We examine the information transmission between the Service Industrial Production Index and the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index, based on the returns data offered by the Korea Bank. The data includes daily return data from January 2000 to September 2015. Utilizing a dynamic analytical tool-the VAR model, Granger Causality test, Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition have been implemented. The results of the analysis are as follows. Firstly, results of Granger Causality test suggests the existence of mutual causality the Service Industrial Production Index precede and have explanatory power the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index However the results also identified a greater causality and explanatory power of the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index over the Service Industrial Production Index. Secondly, the results of impulse response function suggest that the Service Industrial Production Index show immediate response to the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index and are influenced by till time 5 From time 2, the impact gradually disappears. Also the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index show immediate response to the Service Industrial Production Index and are influenced by till time 2.5, the impact gradually disappears. Lastly, the variance decomposition analysis shows that the changes of return of Service Industrial Production Index are dependent on those of the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index. This implies that returns on the Service Industrial Production Index have a significant influence over returns on the Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index. It contributes to the understanding of market price formation function through analysis of detached the Service Industrial Production Index and Service Industrial Wholesale and Retail Index. Finally, our results can be used as a guide by the Korea Bank and Republic of Korea and as well as Statistics Korea.

The Effect of Perceived Shopping Value Dimensions on Attitude toward Store, Emotional Response to Store Shopping, and Store Loyalty (지각된 쇼핑가치차원이 점포태도, 쇼핑과정에서의 정서적 경험, 점포충성도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Ahn Kwang Ho;Lee Ha Neol
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.137-164
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    • 2011
  • In the past, retailers secured customer loyalty by offering convenient locations, unique assortments of goods, better services than competitors, and good credit policy. All this has changed. Goods assortments among stores have become more alike as national-brand manufacturers place their goods in more and more retail stores. Service differentiation also has eroded. Many department stores have trimmed services, and many discount stores have increased theirs. Customers have become smarter shoppers. They don't pay more for identical brands, especially when service differences have diminished. In the face of increased competition from discount storess and specialty stores, department stores are waging a comeback war. Growth of intertype competition, competition between store-based and non-store-based retailing and growing investment in technology are changing the way consumers shop and retailers sell. Different types of stores-discount stores, catalog showrooms, department stores-all compete for the same consumers by carrying the same type of merchandise. The biggest winners are retailers that have helped shoppers to be economically cautious, simplified their increasingly busy and complicated lives, and provided an emotional connection. The growth of e-retailers has forced traditional brick-and-mortar retailers to respond. Basically brick-and-mortar retailers utilize their natural advantages, such as products that shoppers can actually see, touch, and test, real-life customer service, and no delivery lag time for small-sized purchases. They also provide a shopping experience as a strong differentiator. They are adopting practices as calling each shopper a "guest". The store atmosphere should match the basic motivations of the shopper. If target consumers are more likely to be in a task-oriented and functional mindset, then a simpler, more restrained in-store environment may be better. Consistent with this reasoning, some retailers of experiential products are creating in-store entertainment to attract customers who want fun and excitement. The retail experience must deliver value to turn a one-time visitor into a loyal customer. Retailers need a tool that measures the full range of components that define experience-based value. This study uses an experiential value scale(EVS) developed by Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001) which reflects the benefits derived from perceptions of playfulness, aesthetics, customer "return on investment" and service excellence. EVS is useful to predict differences in shopping preferences and patronage behavior of customers. EVS consists of items measuring efficiency, economic value, visual appeal, entertainment value, service excellence, escapism, and intrinsic enjoyment, which are subscales of experiencial value. Efficiency, economic value, service excellence are linked to the utilitarian shopping value. And visual appeal, entertainment value, escapism and intrinsic enjoyment are linked to hedonic shopping value. It has been found that consumers value hedonic experiences activated from escapism and attractiveness of shopping environment as much as the product quality, price, and the convenient location. As a result, many department stores, discount stores, and other retailers are introducing differential marketing strategy based on emotional/hedonic values. Many researches suggest that consumers go shopping not only for buying products but also for various shopping experiences. In other words, they seek the practical, rational value as well as social, recreational values in the shopping process(Babin et al, 1994; Bloch et al, 1994). Retailers may enhance buyer's loyalty to store by providing excellent emotional/hedonic value such as the excitement from shopping, not just the practical value of buying good products efficiently. We investigate the effect of perceived shopping values on the emotional experience and store loyalty based on the EVS(Experiential Value Scales) developed by Holbrook(1994), Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001). This study assumes that the relative effect of shopping value dimensions on the responses of shoppers will differ according to types of stores and analyzes the moderating effect of store type(department store VS. discount store) on the causal relationship between shopping value dimensions and store loyalty. Emprical results show that utilitarian values of shopping experience and hedonic value of shipping experience give the positive effect on the emotional response of consumers and store loyalty. We also found the moderating effect of store types. The effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toward discount store is higher than the effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toword department store. And the effect of hedonic shopping value on the emotional response to discount store is higher than on the emotional response to department store. The empirical results reflect on the recent trend that discount stores try to fulfill the hedonic needs of consumers as well as utilitarian needs(i.e, low price) that discount stores traditionally have focused on

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An empirical study on the relationship between return, volatility and trading volume in the KTB futures market by the trader type (KTB국채선물시장의 투자자유형별 거래량과 수익률 및 변동성에 관한 실증연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Tak
    • Korean Business Review
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2008
  • This paper investigate the volume-volatility and volume-return relationship in the Korean Treasury Bond futures market using daily price and volume data categorized by three trader type i.e. individual investor, institutional investor and foreign investor over the period of October 1999 through December 2005. Major results are summarized as follows: (i) The effect of volume on return was not different across the trader type. (ii) The effect of volume on volatility was not unidirectional across the type of investor. While unexpected sell of individual investor has positive effects on volatility, negative effects in the case of institutional investor. (iii) We cannot find the evidence of asymmetric response of volatility to shock in trading volume or net position. This result differs from that of Korean Stock Price Index 200 futures market which showed strong positive asymmetry. Finally, some limitations of this paper and direction for further research were suggested.

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