• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.765-783
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• 1996

This study surveyed and measured the level and structure of cancer deaths and their trends over time for offering the fundamental data of e cancer prevention and control in Pusan city in the future. Authors conducted the study of descriptive epidemiology using materials derived from the computerized data of total 3,722 certified cancer deaths in Pusan city from January 1 to December 31, 1993 registered on the National Statistical Once, the Republic of Korea. The obtained results were as follows: 1. According to the total registered cases of deaths(16,331 cases) in Pusan city during 1993, cancer(3,722 cases) and cerebrovascular disease(2,118 cases) were the first and second cause of deaths as 23.1% and 16.9%, respectively. These pattern showed the change between cancer (14.7%) and cerebrovascular disease(18.5%) in order of frequency in comparison to 1982. Also, the total number of cancer deaths was increased in comparison to 1982. The rate of death certification by physicians was 87.1% of all registered deaths, which was increased to 6.8% in comparison to 1982(80.3%). 2. Crude death rate and cancer specific death rate was 4.06 per 1,000 populations and 93.8 per 100,000 populations(male:117.8, female:70.0), respectively. The former was similar to that of 1982, but the latter was increased to 1.6 times as that of 1982. 3. Age-adjusted cancer specific death rate by standardization with whole country population was 111.9(male:141.5, female:106.7) per 100,000 populations, higher than not age-adjusted cancer specific death rate(93.8), and the sex difference was statistically significant with male predominance (p<0.05). 4. Cancer specific death rate by age was generally increased with age and most of cancer deaths(male:91.8%, female:88.5%) occurred since 40 years old. 5. The major cancer(cancer specific death rate per 100,000 populations) in male was liver(30.6) followed by stomach(25.6), lung(21.9), and GB and EHBD(5.7), in female stomach(15.7), liver(9.9), lung(7.3), and uterus(6.9). The relative frequency of the leading three cancer among total cancer deaths marked 66.3% in male and 47.l% in female, and decreased in comparison to 1982(male:72.2%, female:54.5%). 6. The total ratio of male to female cancer specific death rate showed 1.68 to 1 with male predominance. And the ratio was above 2.0 in larynx, oral cavity & pharynx, esophagus, liver, lung, bladder cancer and the ratio was $1.0\sim1.9$ in stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and EHBD, brain, rectum and anus cancer, leukemia, but the ratio was reversed in thyroid and colon cancer. In conclusion, cancer was the first cause of deaths. The proportion of lung cancer was increased, that of stomach & uterine cancer was decreased relatively, and liver cancer was constantly higher proportion. In the future, it is necessary to conduct the further investigations on the cancer risk factors considering areal specificity.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.322-326
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 어린이 기호식품 중 하나인 과자류(과자, 캔디류, 츄잉껌, 빙과류)에 대하여 1,005건(과자 250건, 캔디류 255건, 츄잉껌 250 건, 빙과류 250건)에 대해 위생 지표 미생물인 일반세균 수, 대장균군/대장균과 더불어 식중독 원인균인 바실러스 세레우스, 클로스트리디움 퍼프린젠스 및 황색포도상구균에 대한 미생물 검사를 실시하였다. 과자류에 대한 일반세균 수의 경우 전체 시료의 26.8%에서 검출되었고, 검출된 세균 수는 1.7 log CFU/g을 나타내었다. 유형별로 살펴보았을 때에는 과자 250건 중 45.2%의 시료에서 검출되었으며, 빙과류 28.8%, 캔디류 20.0% 및 츄잉껌 13.2% 순으로 검출되는 것으로 확인되었다. 다른 위생지표 세균인 대장균군/대장균의 경우는 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 식중독균을 분석한 결과에서는 캔디류를 제외한 나머지 유형에서 바실러스 세레우스만 검출이 되었고, 평균 검출량은 1.4~1.6 log CFU/g로 현행 식품공전상의 미생물규격인 3 log CFU/g 이하 수준으로 모두 적합한 제품이었다. 이는 식품공전 상에서 정하고 있는 미생물 규격에 비해서는 낮은 수치로 식품의 제조 유통에는 문제가 없는 것으로 보이지만, 식중독 민감도가 높은 어린이들에게 안전한 식품을 제공하기 위해 합리적이고 과학적인 미생물 기준규격을 고려해야 한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.332-336
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• 2019

비만은 2 형 당뇨병, 고혈압 및 고지혈증을 포함한 다양한 질병과 관련이 있으며, 산국꽃은 전통적으로 비만과 2형 당뇨병 치료제로 사용되어왔다. 본 연구는 전지방세포(preadipocyte, 3T3-L1)를 사용하여 산국꽃 에센셜오일이 지방세포 분화 및 지방 생합성에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 산국꽃 에센셜오일은 $0.1-5{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 3T3-L1 세포에 대해 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 산국꽃 에센셜오일은 지방세포 분화 유도물질(MDI)을 처리한 3T3-L1세포에서 농도 의존적으로 지방분화를 억제하였으며, $1{\mu}g/ml$ ($28.94{\pm}2.01%$)농도에서 최대 효과를 나타내었다. 산국꽃 에센셜오일은 MDI에 의해 분화가 유도된 3T3-L1 세포에서 지방생성전사인자인 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), CCATT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) 그리고 sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1)의 단백질 발현을 억제하였다. 중성지방 생성 및 지방산합성효소 조절인자인 acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)와 fatty acid synthase (FAS)의 발현 또한 산국꽃 에센셜오일에 의해 억제되었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 산국꽃 에센셜오일은 천연 항비만 기능성 소재로써의 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료 된다.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.79-110
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data necessary for creating a more successful health enhancement program, health education and health policy which can enhance health management abilities and enable a healthy school life by examining relations between high school students' health perception, who are in early adolescence, and their health promotion behavior. The subjects in this study were 813 students from 8 high schools on Jeju Island. The collected data were analyzed with t-test and one-way ANOVA through questionnaires by researcher on the basis of advance research. The findings of this study were as belows : 1. When general characteristics were considered, health perception was more significantly affected by those who were boys, whose family income was on a higher level, who scored better in school, whose parents were more concerned about their children's health, and who had experiences of being hospitalized. Especially, the more parents were concerned about their children's health, the higher the child's self-confidence on health(p<.05), anxiety on health(p<.05), practicality on disease prevention(p<.05), self-confidence on future health(p<.01), health care ability(p<.01), and family roles on health(p<.05). The less parents were concerned about their children's health, the higher the child's anxiety on disease(p<.01) and uncertainty on future health(p<.01). 2. When students' health promotion behavior was concerned, in the area of Eating Habits, having regular meals(72.9%), moderate consumption of meat(89.7%) and a balanced diet(64%) were common, whereas having a regular breakfast(37.4%) and eating vegetables and fruits(43.6%) were rare. In the area of Exercise, all subareas such as exercising 3 or 4 times a week(76.7%), more than one hour of exercise at a time(74.9%), a short distance walk(51.8%), exercise within one hour after meals(87%), and whether wanning up or not(88.6%) were above average. In the area of Personal Hygiene, all subareas such as drinking boiled water(57.3%), washing hands after using the bathroom(71%), brushing teeth after eating(42.4%), washing up after going out(50.3%), and washing hair and taking a frequent bath(77.2%) were rare. In the area of Control of Personal Relations, consulting personal problems with family(78.7%) had a positive response, whereas meeting someone new(59.8%), maintaining sound relations with the opposite sex(47.3%), having respect for one's opinion(51.5%), and maintaining peaceful relations with people(58.4%) had rare negative results. In the area of Stress Management, not being competitive(69.4%), releasing problems(62.4%) and sleeping soundly(66.2%) were common, whereas having your own ways to relieve stress(46.8%) and having your own dreams and hopes(58.5%) were rare. 3. When general characteristics were considered, as far as relations of health promotion behavior were concerned, the boys were significantly different in the area of Eating Habits(p<0.01) and Exercise(p<0.01), and the girls were in the area of Personal Hygiene. As family economic status was high and parents were concerned about their children's health, the entire areas of health promotion behavior were significantly different. Whether or not they were hospitalized made no significant difference in statistics. 4. When their regions were considered, it comparing city to town, there was no statistically significant difference in health perception and relations of health promotion behavior according to general characteristics. As seen in the results above, high school students' level of health perception and level of practicing health promotion behavior were generally low. In conclusion, by enhancing health perception, a plan for activating health education, which can implement positive health promotion behavior, should be made.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2016

The study evaluated methods to measure condensable fine particles in flue gases and measured particulate matter by fuel and material to get precise concentrations and quantities. As a result of the method evaluation, it is required to improve test methods for measuring Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) emitted after the conventional Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM) measurement process. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) based on the evaluated analysis process showed that RSD percentages of FPM and CPM were around 27.0~139.5%. As errors in the process of CPM measurement and analysis can be caused while separating and dehydrating organic and inorganic materials from condensed liquid samples, transporting samples, and titrating ammonium hydroxide in the sample, it is required to comply with the exact test procedures. As for characteristics of FPM and CPM concentrations, CPM had about 1.6~63 times higher concentrations than FPM, and CPM caused huge increase in PM mass concentrations. Also, emission concentrations and quantities varied according to the characteristics of each fuel, the size of emitting facilities, operational conditions of emitters, etc. PM in the flue gases mostly consisted of CPM (61~99%), and the result of organic/inorganic component analysis revealed that organic dusts accounted for 30~88%. High-efficiency prevention facilities also had high concentrations of CPM due to large amounts of $NO_x$, and the more fuels, the more inorganic dusts. As a result of comparison between emission coefficients by fuel and the EPA AP-42, FPM had lower result values compared to that in the US materials, and CPM had higher values than FPM. For the emission coefficients of the total PM (FPM+CPM) by industry, that of thermal power stations (bituminous coal) was 71.64 g/ton, and cement manufacturing facility (blended fuels) 18.90 g/ton. In order to estimate emission quantities and coefficients proper to the circumstances of air pollutant-emitting facilities in Korea, measurement data need to be calculated in stages by facility condition according to the CPM measurement method in the study. About 80% of PM in flue gases are CPM, and a half of which are organic dusts that are mostly unknown yet. For effective management and control of PM in flue gases, it is necessary to identify the current conditions through quantitative and qualitative analysis of harmful organic substances, and have more interest in and conduct studies on unknown materials' measurements and behaviors.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2023

방사선 방어시설은 진단용 방사선 발생장치가 설치되어 있는 장소에 구축되어 환자, 방사선 작업 종사자 등의 피폭을 방지한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 방사선 방어시설의 주 재료인 납에 대해 최대관전압별 차폐 두께의 경향성을 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션과 실측을 통해 비교 검증하고자 한다. 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션 코드 중 Monte Carlo N-Particle 6를 활용하였으며 해당 시뮬레이션 상에 모사한 납 차폐 구조도는 선원과 납 시트 사이의 거리는 100 cm, 조사야 크기는 10 × 10 cm²이며 관전압은 80, 100, 120, 140 kVp로 설정하였다. 각 관전압별 에너지 스펙트럼을 산출하여 시뮬레이션에 적용하였다. 80, 100, 120, 140 kVp별 각각 50, 70, 90, 95% 차폐율을 보이는 납 두께를 산출하였다. 80 kVp에서 각 차폐율에 해당하는 두께는 각각 0.03, 0.08, 0.2 1, 0.33 mm이며, 100 kVp에서는 0.05, 0.12, 0.30, 0.50 mm, 120 kVp에서는 0.06, 0.14, 0.38, 0.56 mm, 140 kV p에서는 0.08, 0.16, 0.42, 0.61 mm로 나타났다. 산출된 납 두께에 대해 실측을 진행하였으며 사용된 방사선 발생장치는 GE Healthcare 사의 Discovery XR 656이며 선량계측기의 경우 IBA 사의 MagicMax이다. 실측결과 80 kVp에서 각 두께별 차폐율은 43.56, 70.33, 89.85, 93.05%였으며 100 kVp에서는 52.49, 72.26, 86.31, 92.17%, 120 kVp에서는 48.26, 71.18, 87.30, 91.56%, 140 kVp에서는 50.45, 68.75, 89.95, 91.65%.로 나타났다. 시뮬레이션과 실측을 비교한 결과 두 값의 차이가 평균 약 3% 이내로 작은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션의 신뢰성을 검증함과 동시에 향후 방사선 방어시설의 구축에 있어 기초 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.565-577
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• 2017

본 연구는 2015년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 건강한 한국 성인 2,624명을 대상으로 염증 지표인 CRP의 분포를 파악하고 성별, 연령 (50세 기준), 비만여부 ($25kg/m^2$ 기준)로 구분하여 CRP 그룹 (1 mg/L 기준)에 따른 인구사회학적 지표, 생활습관 특성, 영양소 섭취와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 건강한 성인에 해당하는 대상자들의 평균 CRP는 $0.95{\pm}0.03mg/L$으로, 국외에서 조사된 타 인종의 수치보다 낮은 수준에 해당한다. 남성, 50세 이상, 비만인 경우 평균 CRP가 유의적으로 높은 수치를 보였다. LCRPG과 HCRPG을 비교한 결과, 대상자의 분류에 따라 다른 특징을 보였고 대상자의 분류에 관계 없이 비만 여부, 허리둘레, 공복혈당의 경우 HCRPG이 더 높으며 HDL콜레스테롤의 경우 LCRPG에서 더 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 식사 변수 외에 흡연자와 비만에 해당하는 대상자는 HCRPG에 더 많고 신체활동을 실천하는 대상자는 LCRPG에 더 많이 분포하는 것으로 나타나 이러한 생활습관이 CRP 수치에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 한편 교란인자의 보정 후 여성에서 HCRPG의 식이섬유 섭취량이 LCRPG보다 유의적으로 낮았으며, 50세 이상의 대상자에서 LCRPG 보다 HCRPG의 오메가3 지방산의 섭취량은 적었으며, 콜레스테롤 섭취량은 높았다. 또한 비만에 해당하는 대상자 중 HCRPG에서 지방의 에너지 기여율이 높고 지방과 포화 지방산의 섭취량이 높았다. 이러한 결과는 흡연, 신체활동과 같은 생활 습관뿐 아니라 식이섬유, 지방의 섭취량, 열량 에너지 섭취의 구성 또한 CRP 수준과 상관관계가 있음을 시사하며, 이는 식사와 만성염증과의 관련성을 제안할 수 있는 근거가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제7호
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• pp.95-124
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• 2004

It can be said that 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' in 2001 were not only the indiscriminate attacks on innocent people but also the whole - political, economical and military - attacks on human life. Also, 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' can be regarded as the significant events in the history of world, which were on the peak of the super-terrorism or new-terrorism that had emerged from the 1980s. However, if one would have analysed the developments of terrorism from the 1970s, they could have been foreknown without difficulty. The finding from this study can be summarized as the followings, First, in spite that the USA responsive system against terrorism had been assessed as perfect before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks', the fragilities were found in the aspects of the response on the new-terrorism or super-terrorism. The previous responsive system before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' had the following defects as the followings: (1) it was impossible to establish the integrated strategy, because the organizations related to the response against terrorism had not integrated; (2) there were some weakness to collect and diffuse the informations related to terrorism; (3) the security system for the domestic airline service in USA and the responsive system of air defense against terrors on aircraft were very fragile. For these reasons, USA government established the 'Department of Homeland Security' of which the President is the head so that the many organizations related to terrorism were integrated into a single management system. And, it legislated a new act to protect security from terrors, which legalized of the wiretapping in spite of the risk of encroachment upon personal rights, increased the jail terms upon terrorists, froze the bank related to terrorist organization, and could censor e-mails. Second, it seem that Korean responsive system against terrors more fragile than that of USA. One of the reasons is that people have some perception that Korea is a safe zone from terrors, because there were little attacks from international terrorists in Korea. This can be found from the fact that the legal arrangement against terrorism is only the President's instruction No. 47. Under this responsive system against terrorism dependent on only the President's instruction, it is expected that there would be a poor response against terrors due to the lack of unified and integrated responsive agency as like the case of USA before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks'. And, where there is no legal countermeasure, it is impossible to expect the binding force on the outside of administrative agencies and the performances to prevent and hinder the terrorist actions can not but be limited. That is to say, the current responsive system can not counteract effectively against the new-terrorism and super-terrorism. Third, although there were some changes in Korean government's policies against terrorism. there still are problems. One of the most important problems is that the new responsive system against terrorism in Korea, different from that of USA, is not a permanent agency but a meeting body that is organized by a commission. This commission is controled by the Prime Minister and the substantial tasks are under the National Intelligence Service. Under this configuration, there can be the lack of strong leadership and control. Additionally, because there is no statute to response against terrorism, it is impossible to prevent and counteract effectively against terrorism. The above summarized suggests that, because the contemporary super-terrorism or new-terrorism makes numerous casualties of unspecified persons and enormous nationwide damages, the thorough prevention against terrorism is the most important challenge, and that the full range of legal and institutional arrangements for the ex post counteraction should be established. In order to do so, it is necessary for the government to make legal and institutional arrangements such as the permanent agency for protection from terrorism in which the related departments cooperates with together and the development of efficient anti-terror programs, and to show its willingness and ability that it can counteract upon any type of domestic and foreign terrorism so that obtain the active supports and confidence from citizens.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.42-61
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• 2005

Objectives:The ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, the major components of ginseng saponin, have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects including promotion of neuronal survival and proliferation, facilitation of learning and memory, and protection from ischemic injury and apoptosis. In this study, to investigate the molecular basis of the effects of ginsenoside on neuron, we analyzed gene expression profiling of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1. Methods:SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and treated in triplicate with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1($80{\mu}M$, $40{\mu}M$, $20{\mu}M$). The proliferation rates of SH-SY5Y cells were determined by MTT assay and microscopic examination. We used a high density cDNA microarray chip that contained 8K human genes to analyze the gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells. We analyzed using the Significance Analysis of Microarray(SAM) method for identifying genes on a microarray with statistically significant changes in expression. Results:Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with $80{\mu}M$ ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 for 36h showed maximal proliferation compared with other concentrations or control. The results of the microarray experiment yielded 96 genes were upregulated(${\geq}$3 fold) in Rg1 treated cells and 40 genes were up-regulated(${\geq}$2 fold) in Rb1 treated cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 for 36h induced the expression of some genes associated with protein biosynthesis, regulation of transcription or translation, cell proliferation and growth, neurogenesis and differentiation, regulation of cell cycle, energy transport and others. Genes associated with neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation such as SCG10 and MLP increased in ginsenoside Rg1 treated cells, but such changes did not occur in Rb1-group. Conclusion:Our data provide novel insights into the gene mechanisms involved in possible role for ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 in mediating neuronal proliferation or cell viability, which can elicit distinct patterns of gene expression in neuronal cell line. Ginsenoside Rg1 have more broad and strong effects than ginsenoside Rb1 in gene expression and related cellular physiology. In addition, we suggest that SCG10 gene, which is known to be expressed in neuronal differentiation during development and neuronal regeneration during adulthood, may have a role in enhancement of activity dependent synaptic plasticity or cytoskeletal regulation following treatment of ginsenoside Rg1. Further, ginsenoside Rg1 may have a possible role in regeneration of injured neuron, promotion of memory, and prevention from aging or neuronal degeneration.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2007

연구배경: 뇌혈관 질환은 지역 및 인종에 따라 발생양상의 차이를 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 뇌혈관질환의 진단, 치료, 및 예방적인 목적에 활용하기 위한 특정지역의 발생양상을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 계절별, 성별, 연령별, 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환 발생양상을 정량적으로 분석하고자 한다. 방 법: 연구대상은 일개 대학교병원 신경외과와 신경과에 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환으로 입원한 환자 1603명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구대상 환자에 대해서 뇌혈관질환의 유형, 발생연도, 성별, 뇌혈관질환이 발생한 계절을 조사하였다. 자료의 산술적인 분석은 마이크로소프트사의 엑셀 2003을 이용하였고, t-test는 MICROCAL사에서 제공하는 ORIGIN 6.0을 이용하였다. 결 과: 연구대상 기간인 4년 동안의 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환의 발생비는 38.55%, 61.45%이었다. 출혈성 뇌혈관질환의 발병 연령의 평균과 표준편차 $58.20{\pm}12.60$이었고, 40대, 50대, 60대, 70대에서 각각 20% 정도로 비슷하게 발병하였다. 이에 비하여 허혈성뇌혈관질환은 발병 연령의 평균과 표준편차는 $65.01{\pm}13.59$이었고, 출혈성뇌질환에 비하여 평균 연령이 높게 나타났고, 발생 연령분포에서도 60대 15.53%, 70대 37.06%, 80대 27.72%이었다. 출혈성 뇌혈관질환이 발병이 많이 나타난 계절은 겨울, 여름, 봄, 가을 순이었고, 출혈성 뇌혈관질환이 발병이 많이 나타난 계절은 봄, 여름, 겨울, 가을이었다. 일반적으로 알려진 겨울철 출혈성 뇌혈관질환 많이 나타났다. 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환 환자의 남녀비율은 52.09% 47.91%로 나타났다. 결 론: 연구대상을 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환으로 일개 대학교병원에 입원한 환자만을 대상으로 하였으므로 전체 뇌혈관 질환에 대한 결과를 대변한다고 볼 수 없다. 그러나 의료종사자에게서 일반적으로 알려진 계절별, 성별, 연령별, 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환 발생비를 통계적으로 분석하였다는데 연구논문의 의의가 있다. 본 논문에서 출혈성 뇌혈관질환과 허혈성뇌혈관질환의 발생률은 38.55%, 61.45%로 허혈성뇌혈관질환의 비중이 높아지고 있다. 적절한 뇌혈관질환의 예방 및 질환관리계획을 세우기 위해서는 장기적인 뇌혈관질환의 역학조사가 필요할 것이다.