• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-213
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• 2002

Diltiazem inhibits calcium channels and Iεads to vascular smooth muscle rεlaxation and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in the hεart. Diltiazem is almost completely absorbεd after oral administration, but its extent of absolute oral bioavailability is reduced because of considerable first-pass hepatic metabolism. Diltiazem is able to dilate renal vasculature and can increase the glomerular filtration rate and renal sodium excretion. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic changes of diltiazem after oral administration of diltiazem, 20 mg/kg, in rabbits coadministered with cimetidine, 20 mg/kg and pretreated twice per day for 3 days at cimetidine dose of 20 mg/kg. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of diltiazem was significantly higher in rabbits pretreated with cimetidine than that in control rabbits (p<0.01), showing about 149% increased relative bioavailability. The peak plasma concentration $(C_{max})$ and elimination half-life of diltiazem were increased significantly (p<0.05) in rabbits pretreated with cimetidine compared with those in control rabbits. This findings could be due to significant reduction of elimination rate constant by pretreated with cimetidine. The effects of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of oral diltiazem were more considerable in rabbits pretreated with cimetidine compared with those in control rabbits. The results suggest that the dosage of diltiazem should be adjusted when the drug would be co-administerεd chronically with cimetidine in a clinical situation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of godulbaegi leaf extracts on detoxication of liver injury in $CCl_4$-treated rats. We divided normal group(5) and $CCl_4$-treated group and then $CCl_4$- treated group was divided into 6 groups; only $CCl_4$-treated group(CS), aqueous extract pretreated group (CSA), n-butanol extract pretreated group(CSB), Tween 80 pretreated group(CT), n-hexane extract pretreated group(CTH) and ethyl acetate extract pretreated group(CTE). The ratio of liver weight per body weight and the activity of GPT in hexane extract group(CTH) were lowest, similar to the results of S. Godulbaegi n-hexane extract(IS) groups intoxicated by $CCl_4$ had lower values of MDA than CS and CT which are control groups. Histological finding of liver tissue revealed less of necrosis in IS extracts groups than in control groups(CS, CT). From these results, IS extracts could predominently prevent hepat-otoxicity of rats. Especially, hexane extract was effective on the detoxication of liver injury among the other extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1975

This study was carried out to observe the effect of testosterone on carbonic anhydrase inhibiting action of acetazolamide. Carbonic anhydrase activities in the kidneys of mice were measured by Philpot and Philpot method(1936) at 30, 90 and 150 minutes after intravenous administration of saline(0.5 ml/10 g) or acetazolamide (0.25 mg/10 g) in mice pretreated with testosterone (0.1 mg/10 g). The changes in volume and pH of urine as well as those in urinary electrolytes, such as $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$ were measured at 15 minutes interval for 150 minutes in the rabbit pretreated with double administrations of testosterone(10 mg/kg), 1 hour and 18 hours, prior to the administration of acetazolamide (10 mg/kg). The results were as follows: 1. Carbonic anhydrase activities in the kidneys of mice of testosterone-pretreated groups were significantly higher than those of acetazolamide-treated group at 30 minutes. No significant changes of carbonic anhydrase activities were observed in testosterone-pretreated groups compared with saline-treated groups. 2. Combined administrations of acetazolamide and testosterone exhibited higher carbonic anhydrase activity than those group of acetazolamide alone in the kidney of mice through observed period of 150 minutes. 3. There were no significant changes in the excretion rate of urine and urinary electrolytes in the group of rabbits with testosterone administerone alone. Urine volume as well as $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ excretion rates in the combined treated group of acetazolamide and testosterone were significantly lower than that of acetazolamide group throughout experimental period except 15 minutes after drug administration at the time transient increase was shown. 4. Generally lower $K^+$ excretion rate was observed in the combined treated group of acetazolamide and testosterone compared with the single acetazolamide-treated group and the testosterone-pretreated group shows lowest excretion rate of potassium.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 1980

This paper was to investigate the biovailability of antipyrine, ampicillin and protein binding in pathological rats and rabbits pretreated with typhoid vaccine. The results are as follows: The absorption of antipyrine and ampicillin respectively were reduced in rats pretreated with typhoid vaccine as compared with those of normal rats. Especially absorption of ampicillin was more decreased than those of antipyrine. The blood level of antipyrine in severe state was decreased but in mild state. Blood level of ampicillin was decreased in mild state as well as in severe state. Relative bioavailability of antipyrine and ampicillin were mostly decreased in rabbits pretreated with typhoid vaccine except that of antipyrine in mild state. Renal clearance of antipyrine was not affected, but that of ampicillin was apt to increase. Protein binding of antipyrine and ampicillin were decreased by high concentration of typhoid vaccine.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.23-29
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to improve the dyeability and the color fastness to light of cotton fabric dyed with extraction of cinnamon cassia. Cotton fabric was pretreated with chito-colla to enhance the dyeability, and K/S values were compared chito-colla pretreated fabric and untreated fabric. In addition, to improve of color fastness to light of dyed fabric, it was used FFC compound as mordant. Also, it was measured SOD-liked activity of FFC compound and lifht fastness of dyed fabrics. The results are as follow; K/S value of cotton fabric pretreated with chito-colla(5%) was much more increased than untreated fabric. SOD-liked activity of FFC compound was observed over 70%. Light fastness of cotton fabric treated with FFC compound was 3～4 grades.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1994

To increase drying rate and reduce drying degradation, pretreatments such as prefreezing and presteaming have been widely used in wood industries. Presteaming lumbers prior to kiln drying is known positively to improve its permeability, to increase diffusion coefficient and to reduce discoloration, but negatively to increase collapse. Prefreezing lumbers prior to kiln drying is also known to reduce significantly its drying defects and its shrinkages. Thus it is no doubt that the pretreated lumbers shrink diversely from the untreated. In this study the shrinkage behaviors of the pretreated specimens are investigated by drying two tropical hardwoods (Apitong and Taun) in three different dying conditions: high temperature and slow drying rate (drying in a closed cylinder), high temperature and rapid drying rate (drying in an oven) and low temperature and slow drying rate(drying at room temperature). The prefrozen specimens show the least volumetric shrinkages in most drying conditions. The specimens dried in cylinders shrink most among all drying conditions. In general the pretreated specimens reached the 30 % moisture content faster than the untreated by about 30 %.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2010

Cattail (Typha L.) was used as a raw material for producing both bio-ethanol and pulp for papermaking at the same time. Pretreatments of cattail stems and leaves with acid ($H_2SO_4$) and alkali (NaOH) in three different addition levels were studied before soda pulping. The acid pretreatment gave reducing sugar of 15.2% of initial weight, but alkali pretreatment close to 1%. Soda pulping of the pretreated cattail gave 3% reduction in pulp yield and less bonding properties in paper; however, refining of the pulp from the pretreated cattail with alkali restored their fiber bondings up to that of the pulp from no-pretreated cattail at equivalent freeness.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.124-134
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• 1992

Effects of Haenginbanhatang Extract on the Contraction of Isolated Guinea Pig Trachea Smooth Muscle. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Haenginbanhatang extract on the contractile force of the isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle and elucidate its mechanism. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The contratile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the guinea pig to histamine was significantly inhibited by Haenginbanhatang. 2. Effects of Haenginbanhatang extract on the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig smooth muscle pretreated propranolol was not significant. 3. The contractile response of isolated guinea pig smooth muscle pretreated methylene blue was significantly inhibited by Haenginbanhatang, 4. The contractile response of the trachea smooth muscle of the guinea pig to prostaglandin F2a was significantly inhibited by Haenginbanhatang. 5. Effect of prostaglandin F2a on the contractile response of guinea pig smooth muscle pretreated Haenginbanhatang was not significant. According to the above results, it was suggested that the contractile response mechanism of the guinea pig smooth muscle to Haenginbanhatang was related to cyclic GMP.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1997

To evaluate the effect of ethanol pretreatment on the liver and serum xanthine oxidase(XO) activity, the bromobenzene(40mg/kg body wt., i.p.) was orally given 3 times daily to the Sprague-Dawley male rats pretreated with 5% ethanol throughout 2 months. Bromobenzene treated rats pretreated with ethanol showed the more decreased activity of serum and liver XO, and lower value of V than those of only bromobenzene treated rats. Bu the bromobenzene treatment, ethanol pretreated rats showed the more decreased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase activity and liver weight/bo여 weight(%), and decreased degree of liver damage on histopathological observation than the control group.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1997

To investigate the food preservative effects of leaf mustard Dolsan(Brassica juncea), the pretreated extract of leaf mustard Dolsan were added to Kimchi and the results are as following. pH of Kimchi added leaf mustard Dolsan extracts were lower than that of control at initial stage, but after 6 days of fermentation, pH was higher in order of Kimchi added the pretreated extract of leaf mustard Dolsan (hydrolyzed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, PEM), the unpretreated extract of leaf mustard Dolsan(UEM) and control. The total number of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased rapidly at the initial stage of fermentation and reached plateau at 2 days of fermentation. The number of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria of Kimchi added leaf mustard Dolsan extracts were lower than that of control ,a and antimicrobial activity of PEM in Kimchi was higher than that of UEM. After 2 days fermentation, sensery value of Kimchi added PEM was more excellent than that of control.