• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

This research is to analyze LCC of Heat Pump system in university building by reduction of electric power costs for education and incentive system for gas. Produced details item different expense of EHP and GHP equipment construction step and preservation administration step. Analysis result is as following. 1) Executed LCC analysis for target system after lowering whole curriculum reduction of electric power costs for education. Analysis result, energy cost-cutting effect of EHP appears greatly than GHP unlike existent study finding, EHP decided by economical system. 2) Sensitivity analysis executed by incentive 500,000 won per units and geometrical ration of gas expense by 1%. As a result, because lowering effect of electric charges appears greatly, EHP decided by more economical system than GHP. As research result of front is different from existent study finding, EHP by lowering of electric charges for alteration and education of governmental frequent volunteer system was decided by more economical system than GHP.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.59-69
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• 2002

This study is designed to derive a cost estimation method for the management of green areas in apartment housing blocks. For this purpose, quantity of green areas, their usages, management techniques were analyzed through a survey of residents. In this process, contingent valuation method(CVM) is utilized to evaluate the cost of green areas. The survey was conducted for about two weeks in June of 2002. The amount of willingness to pay(WTP) for green area management is calculated by the CVM program. The findings are as follows; First, the residents want more green areas in their apartment blocks, as well as in the surrounding urban areas, due to the shortage of green areas in their living environments. Second, the residents' opinion on green area is summarized as that of natural environment protectionist - it helps living environment to be more amenable and contributes the preservation of urban and global environments. This fact can be interpreted as the peoples profound recognition toward green areas. Third, the contingent valuation method(CVM) is suitable to evaluate WTP for management costs of green areas. Fourth, more than half of the residents(61.6%) agreed upon the costs of green area supply and management. calculated by the CVM. Estimated WTP is ￦ 1,900~2,400 per month per household.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.344-352
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• 2016

In this paper, we conducted an empirical study on the economic value of Palutungan Resort, Gunung Ciremai National Park (Indonesia), using an individual travel cost method. Gunung Ciremai is the highest mountain in West Java Province which has high biodiversity and constitutes the home range of the endangered species, Nisaetus bartelsi and leopards. Using the individual travel cost method, we estimated the annual consumer surplus of ecotourism for Palutungan Resort to be approximately $19, while its total economic value was $0.23 million. However, Palutungan Resort does not benefit exclusively, because the total economic value is divided diversely among the central government (non-tax revenue), local government (taxes), and local communities, while the transportation agencies, retailers, and gas station companies also reap some valuable benefits. In regard to the benefit allocation, all of the associated parties should participate in the conservation and preservation of natural resources in Palutungan Resort to improve the ecotourism services.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2000

This study intended to find out what the male and female university students in Kyung-book area think about Korean traditional foods, how much they use them, and how their life styles affect their estimates on traditional foods. They evaluated the aspects of traditional foods highly in the order of nutrition(6.07), taste(5.96), appearance(5.40), color(5.33), preservation after cooking(4.82), cost(4.63), and cooking method(4.43). Female students had higher estimates on traditional foods than male students. There was no significant difference in the evaluation between the students raised in rural and urban areas if they had the same educational level. Regardless of gender, Kimchi was most preferred followed by boiled rice, pot stew, grilled fish, and beef out of 25 traditional foods. In the correlation among the evaluation factors and uses of traditional foods, those with high evaluation on traditional foods(r=0.282, p<0.01) and the families with higher income(r=0.316, p<0.01) made more use of traditional foods. For the life style, leisure-valuing type was the greatest part(39.4%) in male students and altruistic type(31.9%) in female students. The altruistic type comprised of the greatest part(34.8%) among the students raised in urban areas and the leisure-valuing type(40.0%) among those raised in rural areas. The altruistic type students put high values on taste, nutrition, appearance, color, and preservation after cooking of the traditional foods. The egocentric type gave high values on cost and cooking method. However, there were no significant differences among the types in every item. The altruistic type put the highest and the leisure-valuing type put the lowest value on traditional foods, respectively, however, it was not significantly different. The individuality-centered type made the most use of traditional foods, whereas the leisure-valuing type made the least(p<0.05).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.490-498
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• 2009

This study attempted to examine the profitability and marketing costs of seed potato under contract farming system of BADC (Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation) with the help of primary and secondary data. Total 45 contract farmers were randomly selected. Attempts were made to calculate costs, returns and profitability of seed potato production under contract farming system, and to identify marketing channels of seed potato. The field level data were collected by a farm survey during the months of April 2005 through direct interviews with contract farmers and registered dealers using a structure survey questionnaire. The results showed that the gross return per hectare was Tk. 252,464 for all categories of farms. Cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and human labor were critical inputs for profitability of seed potato. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was used to determine the effects of the key variables to seed potato production under contract farming system. The elasticity of seed potato production was at 0.727 for all categories of farms. The findings exhibited that the summation of elasticity of different inputs for seed potato production was less than one, implying that the production function exhibited decreasing returns to scale. Registered dealers and Upazila Sales Centers were involved in seed potato marketing formed a straightforward marketing channel. The total marketing costs of registered dealers were Tk. 759.49 per ton of seed potato. The net marketing margin of registered dealers was estimated at Tk. 465.51 per ton of seed potato. The selected contract farmers and registered dealers faced a number of problems and some of recommendations were suggested.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.915-922
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• 2017

This study aimed in onion production by evaluating cost and labor efficiencies of onion storage methods using either a ton-bag or a wire-steel pallet. New methods using ton-bag and wire-steel pallets were developed and applied to postharvest tasks, such as harvest packaging, transportation, and storage. The storage parameters evaluated for their effect on the logistics of onion production were: working duration, working hours, and cost expenditure. The longitudinal tensile strength of the ton-bag developed in this study was 16% higher than that of the conventional ton-bag. The wire-steel pallet developed in this study had 10% more storage capacity in a low-temperature storage room, and its truck loading capacity was more than doubled compared to that of the conventional steel pallet. There was no difference in the wasting rate during bulk storage between the newly developed wire-steel pallet and the conventional steel pallet, for 500 kg of onions. However, the bulk storage of 1,000 kg of onions using the wire-steel pallet was not found to be suitable, because the wasting rate of onions stored using the wire-pallet was 3.7% higher than that of onions stored using a conventional steel pallet. The time and the total investing costs for the bulk method decreased by 50.1% and 46.1%, respectively, compared to those for conventional harvest. In the bulk storage using the wire-steel pallet, the total storage cost decreased by 28.8%. Thus, it is estimated that we could have saved 18.3 billion won if the wire-steel pallet method about 30% of the total onion production (1,298,749 M/T) in 2016.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.707-720
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• 2013

We analyze piecewise homogenization with flux-weighted cross sections and preservation of averaged currents at the boundary of the homogenized domain. Introduction of a set of flux discontinuity ratios (FDR) that preserve reference interface currents leads to preservation of averaged region reaction rates and fluxes. We consider the class of numerical discretizations with one degree of freedom per volume and per surface and prove that when the homogenization and computing meshes are equal there is a unique solution for the FDRs which exactly preserve interface currents. For diffusion submeshing we introduce a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov method and for all cases considered obtain an 'exact' numerical solution (eight digits for the interface currents). The homogenization is completed by extending the familiar full assembly homogenization via flux discontinuity factors to the sides of regions laying on the boundary of the piecewise homogenized domain. Finally, for the familiar nodal discretization we numerically find that the FDRs obtained with no submesh (nearly at no cost) can be effectively used for whole-core diffusion calculations with submesh. This is not the case, however, for cell-centered finite differences.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.303-307
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• 1999

Compressive strength reduction characteristics of 4 different linerboards(SC, KA, SK and IK) as influenced by temperature and humidity were investigated by ring crush test. No significant effect of temperature on the reduction of compressive strength was found for samples prepared at 5$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$. At the relative humidity of 66 percents, IK linerboard showed the lowest reduction of the compressive strength. At the relative humidity of 93 percents, KA linerboard lost 40 percents of its initial compressive strength while SK linerboard lost its strength up to 56 percents. The result indicated that KA linerboard was the most cost effective and material with the highest compressive strength among tested linerboards.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.61-75
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• 1996

Apple is most favorable fruit in Korea, and apple farmland has been increased before and after the agreements of Uruguay Round and apple is considered as one of strategic agricultural products. Especially expansion of apple farmland is concentrated in Kyungpook region because of the suitable climate and its market share is about 70 percents in 1992. The marketing channels of apples of Kyungpook region are widely classified by merchant, agricultural or horticultural co-op and large scale farmer's. Among them market share of merchant's occupy over 65 percent. In marketing margins, commercial profit is higher than cost in total marketing margins and, assembler and retailer's margin is not less than wholesaler's. The fluctuation of the price of apple is high in year. The marketing problems of apples are several, first, complex marketing channels, secondly, the high percentage of market share by growing district assembler, thirdly, low rate of package and quality standardization, finally, concentration of shipment of apple because of the shortage of apple processing, storage and marketing facilities, of newly produced apples. In conclusion, to increase apple grower's income with the stabilization of supply and quality upgrade, the improvement measures of marketing system are as follows, first, government level's support in marketing facilities and mechanism, secondly, the increment of supply by grower's cooperatives, thirdly, the establishment of a serious of marketing system to increase the efficiency, fourthly, the establishment of cold-chain system and quality standardization of apple, finally, production of various kinds of apple processing goods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.389-394
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• 2004

Structure-typed cultural heritage, objects of preservation are positioned as one of the very important heritage in the nation, and the preservation of prototypical structures become influential in national development and against natural disaster. For this reason, Digital Close Range Photogrammetry has recently been diversely used. Despite its popular use, the measurement has limits that make it unsuitable for photographing precise cultural heritage situated at high mountainous terrain or where people can not approach easily. These high gigantic stone statues are among the preserved structure-typed cultural heritage. In order to supplement the limits, when using the measurement, a camera tripod with +30m, a ladder truck and a shore should be equipped, which means additional equipment leads to it being a waste of cost and time. In this vein, a device was developed in detail, using a RC Helicopter installed with a CCD video camera with ease of control, safety, equipment, carrying, movement and approach, then checked image shot by a wireless modem at real time and considered the economical efficiency without re-photographing. Next, the author digitized the images of the nationally designated structure-typed cultural heritage, used materials on their restoration as the third dimension in order to construct the integrated management-information system for cultural heritage. Through the above processes, this study can provide specific information on 3D images and 3D CAD sections of structured-typed cultural heritage for both the public and specialists on the web. Moreover, it suggests the foundation to restore the damaged cultural heritage in the future by aiming for their effective management and preservation.