• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between osteoporotic postmenopausal women and its bone mineral density value by using the single energy quantitative CT. 1. Decreasing BMD with age is evident. There is a significant low BMD value in the osteoporotic women compared with the healthy subgroup. 2. BMD decrease from T12 to L4, except in healthy premenopausal women. 3. Relationship of spinal BMD expressed as average BMD of T12 through L4 Show strong correlation with mean BMD in all vertebral levels. 4. There are significantly different BMD value from T12 through L4 in subgroup 1, 2, 3 but there is no statistically significant difference between subgroup 2 and 3. Conclusion, There is a significant decreasing BMD with age but it is difficult to differentiate postmenopausal relatively healthy women from osteoporotic women by BMD.

• Kosin Medical Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.223-227
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• 2018

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome has been described as perihepatitis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It is classically seen in premenopausal young women who have right upper quadrant pain, usually but not always accompanied by symptoms of PID, and is frequently confused with biliary tract disease. However, the syndrome has rarely been reported in males. The predominant symptom is right upper quadrant pain, but PID may not be present in male patients. Here, we report a case of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome in a young male patient, which was diagnosed by serological tests and computed tomography. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome should be considered as a possible cause of pain in the right upper quadrant in male patients, although such a case is very rare.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.43-47
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• 2009

Purpose: The menstrual cycle of normal premenopausal patients was divide into menstrual flow phase, proliferative phase, ovulatory phase, secretory phase. The aim of this study was to ovarian and endometrial $^{18}F$-FDG uptake during the menstrual cycle in normal premenopausal patients. Materials and Methods: We identified 200 incidental $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in the ovary. The patient fasted at least 6 hours before receiving an intravenous injection of 370-592 MBq (10-16mCi) of $^{18}F$-FDG. Scanning from the base of the skull though the mid thigh was performed using the Discovery Ste PET/CT system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Ovarian and endometrial $^{18}F$-FDG uptake (expressed as standardized uptake value) was measured on PET/CT image. Results: Two peaks of increased endometrial $^{18}F$-FDG uptake were identified during the menstrual cycle. The $SUV_{avg}$ and $SUV_{max}$ was $2.89{\pm}1.04$ and $3.17{\pm}1.59$ in menstruating patients, $2.4{\pm}0.88$ and $2.98{\pm}1.14$ in proliferative phase patients, $3.59{\pm}1.76$ and $3.17{\pm}1.67$ in ovulatory phase patients, $2.58{\pm}1.39$ and $3.1{\pm}1.8$ in secretory phase patients. Conclusions: Increased ovarian and endometrial $^{18}F$-FDG uptake could be found the time of menstrual flow and ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle. Increased uptake in endometrial adjacent to a cervical tumor does not necessarily reflect endometrial tumor invasion. Since increased uptake was dependent on the menstrual cycle, it can be avoided by scheduling PET/CT just after menstruation. Non-menstrual-related endometrial uptake may be instrumental in establishing a diagnosis in a premenopaual patient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze changes in body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) during combined exercise in premenopausal women who did not take regular diet or regular physical activity within 6 months, In addition to being able to recognize the importance of pre-menopausal women's health and exercise, it also provides basic data for the development of educational programs for early prevention of osteoporosis prevention education I want to. The average age of the subjects in their 30s was 35.44 years and their height was 158.89 cm in their 30s. The average age of the subjects in their 40s was 41.89 and their average height was 160.78 cm in their 40s. Body composition, BMI, and body fat percentage were higher in the 30s, and bone mineral content, lean body mass, skeletal muscle mass, body weight, body fat mass and waist circumference were higher in their forties. Lumbar spine BMD and femur density were higher in their 30s than their 40s. Body composition, skeletal muscle mass, and fat mass increased in the 30s body composition by age - related complex exercise in premenopausal women, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist circumference decreased. Body mass, body fat, body fat percentage, and BMI decreased in the 40s. The lumbar spine, the lumbar spine, the lumbar spine, and the femur were increased in the lumbar spine, the lumbar spine, the femur, and the femur. In the post-analysis results, changes in body composition were statistically significant due to decrease in muscle mass, body weight, body fat mass and BMI after combined exercise. In the change of bone density, lumbar spine BMD was measured as lumbar spine 1, lumbar spine 2, lumbar spine 3, And the femur density was increase.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of childbirth, breastfeeding, and their interaction with breast cancer (BC) risk reduction, and to evaluate the heterogeneity in the BC risk reduction effects of these factors by menopause, hormone receptor (HR) status, and pathological subtype. Methods: BC patients aged 40+ from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry in 2004-2012 and controls from the Health Examinee cohort participants were included in this study after 1:1 matching (12 889 pairs) by age and enrollment year. BC risk according to childbirth, breast-feeding, and their interaction was calculated in logistic regression models using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: BC risk decreased with childbirth (3+ childbirths relative to 1 childbirth: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.78 and OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.95 in postmenopausal and premenopausal women, respectively); and the degree of risk reduction by the number of children was heterogeneous according to menopausal status (p-heterogeneity=0.04), HR status (p-heterogeneity<0.001), and pathological subtype (p-heterogeneity<0.001); whereas breastfeeding for 1-12 months showed a heterogeneous association with BC risk according to menopausal status, with risk reduction only in premenopausal women (p-heterogeneity<0.05). The combination of 2 more childbirths and breastfeeding for ${\geq}13$ months had a much stronger BC risk reduction of 49% (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.58). Conclusions: This study suggests that the combination of longer breastfeeding and more childbirths reduces BC risk more strongly, and that women who experience both 2 or more childbirths and breastfeed for ${\geq}13$ months can reduce their BC risk by about 50%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6805-6810
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• 2014

Background: Previous studies have suggested a link between obesity and breast cancer (BC). However, there is no universal consensus, especially in population based studies. Because only few studies have been conducted on African women, we aimed here to assess the relationship between BMI at time of diagnosis and the BC histopathological features among Tunisian patients according to menopausal status using a hospital-based prospective cohort study. Materials and Methods: Clinical and pathological data were collected from 262 patients stratified on four groups according to their BMI. The relationship between BMI and histopathological features at diagnosis was analysed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the performance of BMI in predicting of high tumor grade, in comparison to ki-67 index of proliferation. Results: Obesity was correlated with larger tumors, advanced grade and with ER-PR-Her2+ BC subtype. An association of BMI with tumor size and tumor grade was observed in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Additionally, a significant association between BMI and ER+, ER+PR+Her2+ and ER-PR-Her2+ status was revealed for premenopausal patients, while only ER+PR+Her2+ was associated with BMI for postmenopausal women. Finally, our results showed that compared to Ki67 proliferation index, BMI is a useful prognostic marker of high grade BC tumors. Conclusions: These data are the first to show that in Tunisia obese women suffering from BC have significantly larger tumors and advanced tumor grade and that higher BMI might influence tumor characteristics and behavior.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3897-3901
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23% of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Since there has been change in clinico-pathological factors and treatment profiles for breast cancer patients over the years, the present study to evaluate the change trends in India. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Change in various clinico-pathological factors and treatments of breast cancer cases was recorded and analysed. Results: Mean age at presentation was found to be earlier in 2005-2006 compared with 1997-98 (p value: 0.046). More premenopausal women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005-2006 when this was compared with initial years of assessment (p value ${\leq}0.001$). When change in the receptor status was evaluated, we observed that there was a decrease in cases of ER and PR receptor positivity which was significant (p value: 0.007). Over the period of time, more f patients were not offered surgery initially in view of advanced disease when the two time periods were compared (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was a significant increase in patients who were initially offered neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in view of advanced disease at presentation (p value: ${\leq}0.001$). There was increasing number of patients who received palliative treatment for symptoms in 2005-2006 when compared to patients treated in 1997-98((p value: ${\leq}0.001$). Conclusions: Changes in mean age at presentation, premenopausal status, and stage at presentation have occurred over the years. More aggressive patterns of disease have become more common with early age at presentation and aggressive biological behaviour with receptor negative tumours.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7467-7472
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was $47.8{\pm}12.4years$. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast. In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was $5.13{\pm}4.8months$, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding, early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.6013-6017
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• 2013

Background: To evaluate the clinicopathologic and demographic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and to determine differences from non-triple-negative cases. Materials and Methods: A detailed review of the medical records of 882 breast cancer (BC) patients was conducted to obtain information regarding age, menopausal status, height and weight at the time of diagnosis, presence of diabetes or hypertension, and pathologic characteristics of the tumor (tumor size, lymph node status, histologic grade, ER status, PR status, HER2 status, p53 mutation). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and a value of ${\geq}30$ was considered as indicative of obesity. Results: 14.9% (n=132) of the patients had TNBC. There was no difference among the patients in terms of median age, comorbid conditions and menopausal status. The proportion of medullary, tubular and mucinous carcinomas was significantly higher (15.9%) in the triple-negative (TN) group, while invasive lobular histology was more frequent (8.2%) among non-triple negative (NTN) cases (p<0.001). Grade 3 (G3) tumors were more frequent in the triple-negative group (p<0.001). The rate of p53 mutation was 44.3% in TN tumors versus 28.2% in the NTN group (p<0.001). The two groups were similar in terms of LN metastasis. In the NTN group, the rate of patients with BMI ${\geq}30$ was 53% among postmenopausal patients, while it was 36% among premenopausal women, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in terms of BMI between postmenopausal and premenopausal patients in the TN group (p=0.08). Conclusions: TNBC rates and clinicopathologic characteristics of the Turkish patient population were consistent with the data from Europe and America. However, no relationship between obesity and TNBC was observed in our study. The association between TNBC and obesity needs to be evaluated in a larger patient population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1207-1211
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23 % of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is becoming an important public health issue because of the increased incidence of primary breast cancer and improved survival. The present communication concerns a study to evaluate the role of various clinico-pathological factors on the occurrence of contralateral breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. The diagnosis of CBC was confirmed on histopathology report. Relative risk with 95%CI was calculated for different risk factors of contralateral breast cancer development. Results: CBC was found in 24 (4.5%) out of 532 patients. Mean age of presentation was 43.2 years. Family history of breast cancer was found in 37.5% of the patients. There was statistically significant higher rate (83.3%) of CBC in patients in age group of 20-40 years with RR=11.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 89.4, p=0.006) seen in 20-30 years and RR=10.8 (95% CI:1.5-79.6, p=0.002) in 30-40 years as compared to older age of 60-70 years. Risk of development was higher in premenopausal women (RR=8.6, 95% CI: 3.5-21.3, $p{\leq}0.001$). Women with family history of breast cancer had highest rate (20.9%) of CBC (RR=5.4, 95% CI: 2.5-11.6, $p{\leq}0.001$). Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients was protective factor in occurrence of CBC but not significant (RR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.3-1.5, p=0.333). Conclusions: Younger age, premenopausal status, and presence of family history were found to be significant risk factors for the development of CBC. Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients might be protective against occurrence of CBC but did not reach significance.