• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1057-1065
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• 1998

Anthropometric and body compositional changes and the outcomes of the pregnancies of 90 healthy Korean women were investigated in a longitudinal study. Their weight increased from 51.3$\pm$5.9kg to 65.1$\pm$7.8kg during their pregnancies. The total weight gain was 13.8$\pm$4.5kg, and therefore, weekly weight gain was 340$\pm$110g during the entire period of the pregnancy. The weight gain was composed of approximately 50-60% fat mass and 40-50% fat-free mass. Skinfold thicknesses, both of triceps and subscapular, increased during the pregnancies. The fat mass calculated from skinfold thickness and that measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis went on increasing during the pregnancies. Although there was a considerable difference with respect to the fat mass observed using the three methods, fat mass gain was 5.0-6.1kg and fat-free mass gain was 4.0-5.3kg from the first trimester to the third trimester of pregnancies. There were significant correlations between maternal anthropometric parameters and indices of pregnancy outcomes. Especially, the infant's birth weight was associated with maternal pre-pregnancy weight and weight gains during the pregnancies. The infant's birth length was related to the maternal weight observed at term(p<0.05) and weight gain during the entire pregnancies (p<0.05) . Neither increase of fat mass nor fat-free mass affected the outcomes of pregnancy. These results show that maternal weight gain during pregnancy is led by increments of approximately above 50% fat mass. The fat mass increase seems to be larger in central areas than in subcutaneous areas. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy, especially during late pregnancy, is a factor affecting the birth weight and length of infant. On the basis of the body compositional changes, it can be predicted that the additional energy requirement for pregnancy in Korean women is more than 200-230 MJ (64,500-76,250kca1). (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1057-1065, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.776-785
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• 2008

본 연구는 서울소재의 종합병원 산부인과에 외래로 방문한 임신부 248명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 임신 중 스트레스 정도와 영양섭취상태 및 임신결과와의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 조사를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 조사대상자의 나이는 두 군이 비슷하였고, 스트레스 낮은 군이 스트레스 높은 군보다 교육수준, 경제 수준이 약간 높았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 스트레스 낮은 군은 스트레스 높은 군에 비해 취업률이 높게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 가족 수에서는 스트레스 높은 군이 스트레스 낮은 군보다 3인 이상 가족구성의 비율이 높았다 (p < 0.01). 2) 신체 계측치에서 스트레스 높은 군이 키가 작고 임신전 체중이 높았으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 임신 전 BMI는 스트레스 낮은 군보다 스트레스 높은 군에서 과체중 및 비만이 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.05). 3) 임신 중 활동은 스트레스 낮은 군이 스트레스 높은 군보다 가벼운 정도의 활동을 하고 있었으며 (p < 0.05), 임신 중 규칙적인 운동은 스트레스 낮은 군이 스트레스 높은 군보다 더 많이 하고 있었다 (p < 0.01). 4) 임신 중 스트레스 요인으로는‘아기에 대한 걱정’ (40.4%),‘건강에 대한 걱정’ (28.8%),‘경제적 어려움’ (13.2%),‘우울감’ (10.1%),‘가족관계’ (2.9%),‘가사 일에 대한 걱정’ (2.5%),‘인간관계’ (2%) 순으로 나타났다. 5) 대부분의 영양소섭취는 스트레스가 낮은 군이 스트레스가 높은 군보다 약간 많았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 엽산, 칼륨, 칼슘, 철의 섭취는 KDRI의 2/3에도 못 미치는 수준이었고 나트륨, 콜레스테롤, 인, 비타민 E는 KDRI의 150% 이상 섭취하고 있었다. 6) 임신 중 스트레스와 섭취한 영양소와의 관계를 보았을 때, 대부분의 영양소와 통계적으로 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 하지만 지방, 콜레스테롤은 섭취량이 많을수록 스트레스 발생 위험도가 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 당질, 식이섬유는 섭취량이 많을수록 스트레스 발생 위험도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 7) 스트레스 정도는 두 군에서 임신부의 재태기간, 체중증가량, 신생아 출생 시 체중, 신장 및 Apgar scores와 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구에서 임신 중 스트레스는 신생아의 건강에 대한 염려, 임신부의 처해있는 경제여건, 사회적 지위나 생활여건, 임신과 관련된 상황, 자신의 성격 및 배우자를 포함한 가족 관계 등 다양한 요인에 의해 나타났다. 본 연구 결과 스트레스 높은 군이 스트레스 낮은 군보다 취업률이 낮았고, 임신전 BMI가 비만 및 과체중군이 많았으며, 임신 중 규칙적인 운동을 하고 있지 않았다. 이런 생활습관들이 임신 중 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 임신 중 스트레스는 대부분의 영양섭취상태와 임신결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 스트레스와 영양소 섭취와의 관련성이 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않은 것은 본 연구에서 임신부의 2일간 식이회상법 자료를 이용해 영양소 섭취실태를 조사하였기에 임신부의 평소식사를 반영하는데 한계가 있었기 때문으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서 임신 중 스트레스를 예방하기 위해서는 적절한 체중관리와 규칙적인 운동이 도움이 될 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.179-183
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• 1999

This study was performed to determine the significance of a baseline ovarian cyst on the response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and the outcome of IVF-ET. One hundred one patients who underwent IVF-ET were enrolled in this study. The outcome of 31 patients, who had an ovarian cyst of >10mm detected at ultrasound examination performed on day 3, was compared with that of 70 patients who underwent a similar protocol and did not have an ovarian cyst. E2 level on the day of hCG administration, the number of follicles, the number of oocytes retrieved, the number of embryo transferred and the pregnancy rate were evaulated. The E2 level on the day of hCG adminstration and the number of mature oocytes retrieved were lower in the group with a baseline cyst. The pregnancy rate also was significantly lower in the group with a cyst (21% versus 38%). Therefore a baseline ovarian cyst on cycle day 3 was associated with a poorer outcome after IVF-ET.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the impact of advanced maternal and paternal age on perinatal outcome in Korea. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study involving 1,622 Korean women who delivered at M Woman Hospital from January to December 2010 and their spouses were included. We obtained obstetrics database which included demographic characteristics, medical and obstetrics history, course of the current pregnancy and advised perinatal outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding variables. Results: Women giving birth age 35 or older were statistically significant in paternal age, gravidity, spontaneous abortion experience, method of conception, method of delivery, and multiple gestation compared to women aged <34 years. After adjusting for the confounding effects of maternal characteristics, women aged 35 or older were at increased risk for cesarean section delivery (adjusted OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.22-2.13) and preterm birth (adjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.03-4.63). Conclusion: In this population of Korean women, advance maternal and paternal age is independently associated with specific adverse perinatal outcome, especially preterm birth and cesarean section delivery.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to describe prenatal nursing intervention studies on pregnant women and their families published in Korean nursing journals to identify research trends and to analyze the characteristics of intervention studies. This scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We identified a research question and searched six domestic electronic databases for relevant articles. Forty-five references that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally selected. We extracted the data using an analytic framework, and then collated and summarized the characteristics of the intervention studies. The most frequently used research designs were non-randomized controlled trials (91.1%), and only a few studies applied a specific theoretical framework (24.4%). The participants were mainly pregnant women only (64.4%) during the third trimester (35.6%) of pregnancy. Prenatal education was the most common type of intervention (48.9%), followed by complementary therapy (37.8%) and psychosocial support programs (13.3%). The most commonly used outcome variables were drawn from the psychological domain (44.5%), although distinct types of outcome variables-especially from the psychological and physical domains-were used to measure the effectiveness of different types of prenatal interventions. This review suggests that further prenatal nursing intervention studies in Korea should expand the study participants to include pregnant women's family members, high-risk and vulnerable groups, and women throughout entire pregnancy. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop integrative prenatal nursing interventions that promote family support and participation by facilitating partnerships among women, families, and nurses before, during, and after pregnancy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to explore the possibility that each oocyte and its surrounding cumulus cells might have different genetic expression patterns that could affect human reproduction. Methods: Differential gene expression analysis was performed for 10 clusters of cumulus cells obtained from 10 cumulus-oocyte complexes from 10 patients. Same procedures related to oocyte maturation, microinjection, and microarray analyses were performed for each group of cumulus cells. Two differential gene expression analyses were performed: one for the outcome of clinical pregnancy and one for the outcome of live birth. Results: Significant genes resulting from these analyses were selected and the top 20 affected pathways in each group were analyzed. Circadian entrainment is determined to be the most affected pathway for clinical pregnancy, and proteoglycans in cancer pathway is the most affected pathway for live birth. Circadian entrainment is also amongst the 12 pathways that are found to be in top 20 affected pathways for both outcomes, and has both lowest p-value and highest number of times found count. Conclusion: Although further confirmatory studies are necessary, findings of this study suggest that these pathways, especially circadian entrainment in cumulus cells, may be essential for embryo development and pregnancy.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2023

Antibiotics are frequently administered during pregnancy. Although necessary to address acute infections, their use facilitates antibiotic resistance. Other associations have also been found with the use of antibiotics, such as perturbations of gut bacteria, delays in microbial maturation, and increased risks of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Little is known about how the prenatal and perinatal administration of antibiotics to mothers affects the clinical outcomes of their offspring. A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed engines. The retrieved articles were reviewed by two authors and verified for relevance. The primary outcome was the effect of pre- and perinatal maternal antibiotic use on clinical outcomes. Thirty-one relevant studies were included in the meta-analysis. Various aspects are discussed, including infections, allergies, obesity, and psychosocial factors. In animal studies, antibiotic intake during pregnancy has been suggested to cause long-term alterations in immune regulation. In humans, associations have been found between antibiotic intake during pregnancy and different types of infections and an increased risk of pediatric infection-related hospitalization. A dose-dependent positive association between pre- and perinatal antibiotic use and asthma severity has been reported in animal and human studies, while positive associations with atopic dermatitis and eczema were reported by human studies. Multiple associations were identified between antibiotic intake and psychological problems in animal studies; however, relevant data from human studies are limited. However, one study reported a positive association with autism spectrum disorders. Multiple animal and human studies reported a positive association between pre- and perinatal antibiotic use by mothers and diseases in their offspring. Our findings have potentially significant clinical relevance, particularly considering the implications for health during infancy and later in life as well as the related economic burden.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to report the effectiveness and outcome on the prognosis of pregnancy of traditional Korean medicine treatment for inpatients who had a traffic accident during pregnancy. Methods: The study is conducted by analyzing the medical records of hospitalized patients in a Korean medicine hospital. Seventy-six pregnant patients who got into car accidents from March 2015 to February 2020 were included. We performed statistical analysis by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) ver. 25.0. To verify the effect of traditional Korean medicine treatment for traffic accidents during pregnancy, we analyzed improvement of symptoms. Also, we analyzed the prognosis of pregnancy and signs of premature birth or miscarriage during treatment to verify the applicability of traditional Korean medicine treatment for traffic accidents during pregnancy. Results: Among the symptoms of pain, there was a statistically significant decrease in lower back pain, post neck pain, headache, pelvic pain, knee pain, lower limb pain, wrist pain, and upper limb pain. Other systemic symptoms showed statistically significant improvement in nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and lower limb numbness. All confirmed cases reported normal pregnancy maintenance and delivery, and no miscarriage was reported. Two cases that showed signs of premature birth or miscarriage during treatment were unrelated or unclear with traditional Korean medicine treatment. Conclusions: Traditional Korean medicine treatment is effective and applicable for pregnant women injured by traffic accidents. Further studies are needed to identify the effectiveness and safety of traditional Korean medicine treatment for the sequelae of traffic accidents during pregnancy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of frozen mixed double-embryo transfer (MDET; the simultaneous transfer of day 3 and day 5 embryos) in comparison with frozen blastocyst double-embryo transfer (BDET; transfer of two day 5 blastocysts) in patients with repeated implantation failure (RIF). Methods: A total of 104 women with RIF who underwent frozen MDET (n = 48) or BDET (n = 56) with excellent-quality embryos were included in this retrospective analysis. All frozen embryo transfers were performed in natural cycles. The main outcome measures were the implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate. These measures were compared between the patients who underwent MDET or BDET using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Results: The implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were significantly higher in patients who underwent MDET than in those who underwent BDET (60.4% vs. 39.3%, p=0.03 and 52.1% vs. 30.4%, p=0.05, respectively). A significantly lower miscarriage rate was observed in the MDET group (6.9% vs. 10.7%, p=0.05). In addition, the multiple pregnancy rate was slightly, but not significantly, higher in the MDET group (27.1% vs. 25.0%). Conclusion: MDET was found to be significantly superior to double blastocyst transfer. It could be regarded as an appropriate approach to improve in vitro fertilization success rates in RIF patients.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to characterize the adverse effects of Ahnjon-Yichun-Tang during early pregnancy. Following successful mating, female Sprague-Dawley rats were given Ahnjon-Yichun-Tang(AYT) extract by oral administration daily with dose of 150mg (n=10), 300mg(n=10), 450mg(n=10) for 20 days of pregnancy. The rats in Control group(n=10) were orally administrated with Saline. All pregnant rats of Ahnjon-Yichun-Tang-treated and Control groups were sacrificed on day 20 of pregnancy. The pregnancy outcome was determined and the internal and reproductive organs of pregnant rat were observed. The fetuses were examined for the presence of various developmental toxic endpoints and stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S, and observed skeletal malformations. The results obtained in this study represent that there is no significant changes between Control and Ahnjon-Yichun-Tang-treated groups in body weight, organ weight, blood chemistry values, hematological values and pregnancy indexes of pregnant rat. The skeletal malformation of fetus was not observed as well. These results suggest that oral administration of Ahnjon-Yichun-Tang does not produce either maternal or developmental toxicity.