• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

목 적 : 소아 경부 농양은 항생제의 발달과 더불어 감소하는 질병으로 생각되었으나, 최근 발생 사례들이 다시 증가하고 있다. 이에 저자들은 10년간 경험한 소아 경부 농양 사례들의 발생양상, 임상경과, 항생제 감수성과 치료법을 분석하여 향후 이 질환에 대한 진단과 치료에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1993년 1월부터 2003년 8월까지 가톨릭의대 성모자애병원, 성빈센트병원, 성가병원, 의정부 성모병원에서 세균배양검사, 경부 CT, 경부 초음파 검사를 통해 경부 농양으로 진단받은 16세 이하 94례의 소아를 대상으로 임상양상, 검사결과, 치료와 예후에 대한 후향적 자료 분석을 하였다. 결 과 : 1) 2000년부터 경부농양의 연간발생이 증가하였다. 2) 연령 분포는 생후 26일에서 15세(중간값 4세), 남녀비는 1 : 1.04이었다. 3) 임상양상은 발열 73.4%(n=69), 인후통 37.2%(n=35), 경구 섭취량 감소 34%(n=32), 목 주위 통증 27.7%(n=26), 연하통 20.2%(n=19)의 순이었다. 이외 에도 경부 운동 거부 6.4%(n=6), 두통 6.4%(n=6), 사경 4.3%(n=4), 천음 2.1%(n=2), 호흡곤란 2.1%(n=2)이 있었다. 4) 이학적 진찰 소견으로는 경부 종괴 67%(n=63), 인두염 46.8%(n=44), 편도염 36.2%(n=34), 경부 림프선종대 28.7%(n=27), 후인두벽 융기 24.5%(n=23)의 순이었으며 경부강직은 4.3%(n=4)에서 있었다. 5) 경부농양의 위치는 하악하 34%(n=32), 편도주위부 29.7%(n=28), 인두 후부 11.7%(n=11), 이하선내 7.4%(n=7), 인두 주위부 6.4%(n=6), 이외 두 곳 이상에서 발생한 경우가 10.8%(n=10)에서 있었다. 6) 33명의 환자 중 농양과 혈액 세균배양검사에서 총 35례의 균주가 동정되었다. S. aureus 34%(n=12), group A beta hemolytic streptococcus 28.64%(n=10), Viridans Streptococci 14.3%(n=5)의 순이었다. 대부분 그람 양성균으로 항생제 감수성 검사결과에서, vancomycin 96.4%, 3세대 cephalosporin에 88.9%, cephalothin에 86.4%, penicillin에 51.7%에서 감수성을 보였으며, 그람 음성군에서는 amikacin에 66.7%, 3세대 cephalosporin에 100% 감수성을 보였다. 7) 총 입원일은 $9.2{\pm}4.4$일이었으며, 총 항생제 투여기간은 $15.5{\pm}5.1$일, 이중 정맥 항생제 투여기간은 $8.8{\pm}4.3$일이었다. 8) 일차적으로 선택한 항생제로는 대부분 penicillin이나 1, 2세대 cephalosporin을 포함하고 있었으며, 이 중 일부에서는 증상의 호전이 없어 metronidazol이나 clindamycin을 대체 내지 추가하였다. 9) 치료는 항생제만을 사용한 경우 18.1%(n=17), 항생제와 함께 외과적 처치를 병용한 경우 81.9%(n=77)이었으며, 이 두 군간에 입원기간, 총 항생제 투여기간, 정맥 항생제 투여 기간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결 론 : 소아 경부 농양은 최근 들어 증가추세를 보이고 있으며, 그 임상양상도 과거와 다른 경향을 보인다. 조기진단이 가능해 짐에 따라 호흡곤란이나 천명과 같은 기도폐쇄 소견이 감소한데 반해 두통, 경부강직, 경부 운동 거부, 사경과 같은 두경부증상, 증후에서 이상 소견이 증가하고 있다. 원인균은 주로 그람양성균에 의한 경우가 대부분으로 이번 조사 결과 1세대 cephalosporin에 대해 높은 감수성을 보였으며, 임상적으로 안정화 되 있고 기도 폐쇄가 보이지 않는 환아에서 외과적 처치를 병용하는 것이 항생제 치료 기간 및 입원 기간 단축에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.154-163
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• 2005

1988년에 완공하여 1994년 8월부터 수문을 작동한 금강 하구언으로 인해 금강 하구역 환경은 크게 변하였다. 수문을 통해 담수를 불규칙하게 방류하면, 극심한 염분 저하와 함께 수중 무기영양염 농도가 급변한다. 이와 같이 환경 스트레스가 큰 금강 하구 내측에서 춘계 식물플랑크톤 군집의 단주기 변동을 연구하기 위하여, 2004년 2월 중순부터 4개월 동안 2개의 고정점에서 약 2일 간격으로 고조 때에 현장조사와 시료채취를 실시하였다. 하구언에 근접한 정점에서는 정점2(도선장 부근 정점)에 비해 염분 측정치의 변동계수가 2배에 이르러, 정점1에서 시간에 따른 염분의 변동이 극심함을 반증하였다. 용존 무기영양염 가운데, 질소계 영양염($NO_3^-,\;NO_2^-$ 및 $NH_4^+$)의 농도가 정점2에 비해 정점1에서 뚜렷이 높게 나타나, 수문 작동에 따라 그 농도가 부정기적으로 급변할 수 있는 환경임을 확인하였다. 식물플랑크톤 군집을 구성하는 주요 분류군은 규조류로서 출현종의 수나 생물량 모두 최고치를 기록하였다. 이 가운데 단독성 중심 규조 Cyolotella meneghiniana와 사슬형 중심 규조 Skeletonema costatum은 조사기간 전반부에 차례대로 5-6주 동안씩(천이 구간 I 및 II)절대 우점하여, 수온 $10^{\circ}C$의 시점을 중심으로 뚜렷한 천이현상을 보여 주었다. 천이구간 III(4월 중순-5월 말)은 대량 방류된 담수와 함께 하구역에 유입된 담수 녹조종인 남세균 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae와 Phormidium sp. 등이 매우 높은 구성비를 나타낸 시기이다. 이 기간에는 극저염-고염의 극심한 변동으로 인하여 낮은 수준의 생물량을 기록한 규조 Cyclotella meneghiniana와 Skeletonema costatum 외에는 담수종들이 전적으로 우점하였다. 천이구간 IV에서는 수온이 $18^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 상승하면서, 규조 Guinardia delicatuia가 단일 시료 내 최고 우점도 $75^{\circ}C$를 기록하며 약 일주일간 우점하였다. 즉, 조사기간 중에는 수온 $18^{\circ}C$ 미만의 극심한 염분 변동기(천이구간 III)를 제외한, 전 기간 중에 규조가 절대 우점하며 춘계 식물플랑크톤 우점종의 천이를 주도하였다. 천이구간 III에서도, 만약 담수방류의 규모와 빈도를 적절히 조절하였더라면, 주요 우점종이 담수 남세균이 아닌 하구성 규조로 바뀔 수도 있었을 것이다. 본 연구에 적용한 격일간 현장조사는 불규칙한 담수방류가 불가피한 반일주조 하의 하구역 환경에서 식물플랑크톤 종의 천이현상을 규명하기 위한 최소한의 필요조건으로 판단된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.