• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1653-1661
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• 2007

The research aimed to establish the standard extraction procedure for examining brazilin, the major chromophoric substance of Sappanwood, using GC-MS with the ultimate goal of identifying the sappanwood dye in severely faded archaeological textiles. The amount of brazilin represented by the GC abundance was the largest when acetone was used as the extraction medium, followed by methanol. Shaking plate operated at room temperature was more effective than the waterbath shaker which was operated at $30^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the extraction method which incorporated one hour pre-soaking before the 12 hours of actual extraction resulted in a larger amount of brazilin detection than the extraction procedure without the one hour pre-soaking. In case of water extraction, pH 5 resulted in the most effective pH level for the extraction of brazilin, The best GC-MS parameter for detecting brazilin was to set the column temperature initially at $50^{\circ}C$. gradually increase to $210^{\circ}C$ at a $23^{\circ}C/min$ rate, finally increase to $305^{\circ}C$ at $30^{\circ}C/min$ rate, and hold for 14 minutes, and the MSD scan range at $75{\sim}400m/z$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1549-1556
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-treated sub-ingredients and deodorization materials on the smell intensity of Kimchi during fermentation.Among the various sub-ingredients of Kimchi, garlic, ginger and green onion have comparatively strong smell. The smell intensities of the sub-ingredients, which were pre-treated with various patented methods were examined using the sensory evaluation method and AromaScan. The results showed that the good methods to reduce the smell of sub-ingredients were hot air drying and soaking with heating treatment. The pH, titratable acidity and the number of microorganism of Kimchi prepared with pre-treated sub-ingredients were not different among samples during fermentation. The smell intensity of the Kimchi with pre-treated sub-ingredients was weaker than that of control until ten fermentation days, but the smell intensity after 10 days of fermentation was not different among samples. The addition of ${\alpha}-cyclodextrin\;and\;{\beta}-cyclodextrin$, which are known to have deodorization effect, at a level of 0.1% respectively, to Kimchi resulted in no difference in the pH, titratable acidity and smell intensity during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to those of control Kimchi. However, the addition of deodorizer reduced sulfide classes such as methyl allyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, allyl sulfide, methyl propyl disulfide up to 50%.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of apatite layer on two different titanium substrate treated with biomimetic method, Titanium plates were heat-treated at different temperatures of $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, and $800^{\circ}C$ for 5 h in air atmosphere, And then, that plates were chemically treated with an alkali solution of 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), The pre-treated titanium plates were soaked in the simulated body fluid (SBF) of Kokubo's recipe, After soaking for 7 days and 21 days in SBF, the coated layers formed on the titanium plates were characterized and compared with the morphology and chemical composition, The apatite formation was more activated on the titanium plates chemically treated with NaOH compared with the only heat-treated titanium plates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of germination condition and drying temperature on growth and physicochemical properties of brown rice. Three brown rice seeds of Ilpumbyeo, Dasanbyeo and Heugjinjubyeo were stored at room temperature for six weeks to test the time-sequence germination viability. Relatively stable germination ratio was maintained until 2 weeks after storage. However, 3 weeks after storage, germination ratio of brown rice seeds started to decrease rapidly and their germination ratio was lower than 80%. For this reason, brown rice was recommended for seeding within 2 weeks after hulling. During the initial 5 days, germination ratio of 24 hours pre-soaking brown rice was higher about 2-3% than that of non-soaking brown rice. The $25^{\circ}C$ was considered as the most favorable temperature for brown rice germination, because of the high germination ratio and desirable coleoptile growth of the brown rice, and little seed rotting symptoms. The scanning electron micrographs showed the structural differences between hot-air dried and freeze dried germinated-brown rice kernel. In the freeze dried germinated-brown rice, seed coat (pericarp, tegmen and aleurone layer) was mechanically disrupted from the endosperm, and many cleavages were observed among starch storing cells and starch granules. The endosperm of freeze-dried brown rice kernels formed the sponge-like structures and showed the fragile traits. For this reason, hot-air drying is considered as more suitable method than freeze drying for germinated-brown rice. The crude protein and amylose contents were slightly changed, but there were no significant differences during the germination period. Crude fiber content was decreased, but crude Int and total amino acid contents were increased as seeding days increased. A rapid increase in $\alpha$-amylase activities of germinating brown rice was observed at S days after seeding, and $\alpha$-amylase activities were decreased from 8 days after seeding. Total free sugar contents were decreased during the germination period. There was continuous decline in the contents of sucrose and glucose until 8 days after seeding, but fructose and maltose content were gradually increased from the 5 days after seeding.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2016

Background: Many Taraxacum spp. plants are widely used in medicine, but some of them have propagation problems, such as strong dormancy and poor germination rates. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$), and potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results: The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were $4.54{\pm}0.032mm$ and $0.97{\pm}0.029mm$, respectively. Various germination temperatures were tested (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be $20^{\circ}C$ (31.3%). High temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) resulted in non-typical seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, with a restricted root system). To increase the germination capacity, $GA_3$ (200, 500, and $1,000mg/{\ell}$) or $KNO_3$ (20, 50, 100, 200, and $500mg/{\ell}$) solutions were used as pre-soaking solutions instead of water. The $GA_3$ treatments increased the germination percentage and rate, but germination percentage was higher with the $KNO_3$ treatments. Under the $50-200mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ treatments, the germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, and $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ was notably effective (91.2% after 15 days). Conclusions: T. ohwianum seeds showed improved germination at low temperatures. The best method for germination was presoaking in $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ for 24 h, in the dark at $4^{\circ}C$, and then incubating the germinated seed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2012

This study was conducted to establish the in vitro optimal condition for seed germination and organogenesis of wild Angelica gigas. The experiment was evaluated the effects of $GA_3$ for pre-treatment with different periods of time (0h, 24h, 48h, 72h) and followed the treatment of seeds by control, scarification and methanol-heating method. As a result, the highest rates (15%) of seed germination was shown under the treatment without soaking of $GA_3$ and methanol-heating treatment. The seed germination was highly increased 60% under the condition of treatment on ultrasonic waves (frequency 80 KHz) with methanol-heating treatment including 0.1 mg/L $GA_3$. The highest callus induction rate was obtained from in vitro germinated stem, root and hypocotyl on the MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA. The highest percentages of shooting (50%) and rooting (85%) induction were observed in hypocotyl and root cultured on PGRs free medium and 0.1 mg/L NAA, respectively. In addition, somatic embryogenesis was observed from stem (1.0 mg/L 2,4-D) and hypocotyl (0.1 mg/L NAA).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.24-30
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• 2003

In order to develop structural 'bamboo zephyr board', properties of boards produced by various methods making zephyr were estimated. All of boards were tested with KS(Korean Standards) F 3014 Particle board, and results were summarized as follow. The zephyr boards produced by final 1.5 mm roller space had the best properties(MOR, MOE and IB strength) among boards produced by different final roller space. Also, they had the best properties(MOR and MOE) in bending test after 1 hour soaking treatment after 2 hour-boiling in water, which were similar to properties of boards in dry-condition. Thickness swelling(TS) of all boards was less than 12% required to the Korean Standards A 3014. Zephyr boards produced by final 1.5 mm roller space also had the lowest values among all of boards. Boards produced by non-treatment (in green condition) had the better strength than those of boards produced by different pre-treatment methods(boiling in water and in 0.3% NaOH) in bending test.