• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2011

이 연구는 임산부의 임신 전과 임신기간 중의 구강건강관리에 대한 실태와 지식, 실천행위, 구강건강신념 및 치과의료이용 양상을 비교분석하여 임산부의 구강질환 예방과 건강한 구강건강관리 행태를 개선하기 위한 교육프로그램 개발에 그 목적을 두고 시행되었으며, 2010년 4월 1일부터 4월 29일까지 대구광역시와 경상남도 창원시에 소재한 9개 산후조리원에서 출산 후 산후조리를 하고 있는 산모 291명을 최종 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 잇몸출혈 경험여부에서 임신 전 잇몸출혈이 있는 경우가 45.0%이었고, 임신 중의 잇몸출혈 경험률이 55.7%였다. 2. 대상자의 평균 잇솔질 횟수는 임신 전은 3.05회이고, 임신 중에는 2.99회 였다. 3. 연구대상자 중에서 임신기간 중 치과치료 경험이 있는 사람이 17.5%였다. 4. 구강건강지식 점수는 10점 만점에 7.82점 이었고, 구강건강 실천행위점수는 10점 만점에 임신 전은 5.38점, 임신 중에는 5.14점 이었다. 5. 치과의료이용과의 관련성을 분석한 결과 임신 전 사전구강관리(p<0.01), 구강질환에 의한 활동제약 경험(p<0.01), 구강건강관심도(p<0.05), 단골치과 유무(p<0.01)등이 치과의료이용과 유의한 관련성이 있었다. 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때 임신기간 중의 구강건강관리 행태는 임신 전보다 구강건강관리 실천율이 낮았음을 알 수 있다. 임산부의 구강건강관리에 대한 잘못된 지식을 교정하고, 임신 중 구강보건 교육이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제83권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

For the past three decades, more than a thousand of genetic studies have been performed to find out the genetic variants responsible for the risk of asthma. Until now, all of the discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms have explained genetic effects less than initially expected. Thus, clarification of environmental factors has been brought up to overcome the 'missing' heritability. The most exciting solution is epigenesis because it intervenes at the junction between the genome and the environment. Epigenesis is an alteration of genetic expression without changes of DNA sequence caused by environmental factors such as nutrients, allergens, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, use of drugs and infectious agents during pre- and post-natal periods and even in adulthood. Three major forms of epigenesis are composed of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and specific microRNA. Recently, several studies have been published on epigenesis in asthma and allergy as a powerful tool for research of genetic heritability in asthma albeit epigenetic changes are at the starting point to obtain the data on specific phenotypes of asthma. In this presentation, we mainly review the potential role of DNA CpG methylation in the risk of asthma and its sub-phenotypes including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory exacerbated respiratory diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2347-2350
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• 2015

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies, accounting for one fourth of all childhood cancer cases. Exposure to environmental factors around the time of conception or pregnancy can increase the risk of ALL in the offspring.This study aimed to evaluted the role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to high voltage power lines on the incidence of childhood ALL.This cross-sectional case control study was carried out on 22 cases and 100 controls who were born and lived in low socioeconomic families in Isfahan and hospitalized for therapeutic purposes in different hospitals from 2013-2014.With regard to the underlying risk factors, familial history and parental factors were noted but in this age, socioeonomic and zonal matched case control study, prenatal and childhood exposure to high voltage power lines was considered as the most important environmental risk factors of ALL (p=0.006, OR=3.651, CI 95%, 1.692-7.878). As the population was of low socioeconomic background, use of mobiles, computers and microwave was negligible. Moreover prenatal and postnatal exposure to indoor electrically charged objects was not determined to be a significant environmental factor. Thus, pre and post natal exposure to high voltage power lines and living in pollutant regions as well as familial influence could be described as risk factors of ALL for the first time in a low socioeconomic status Iranian population.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.68-79
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• 1994

This study measured variables influencing the breast feeding patterns of lactating mothers over a 40 day period In 1993 in the Jeonla area. The Methodology used was a questionnaire covering 92 items based on statistical discriminant analysis. The results were as follows : The successful group was measured against the unsuccessful group over a 4month lactation period ; The successful group was measured over a 4month lactation period ; the unsuccessful less than 4month lactation period. Principal factor analysis was used to generate comparative data factors which were ; 1) nonunderstanding of mother's breast feeding, 2) physical and psychological stress, 3) insufficient milk supply, 4) mother's negative acceptance of baby, 5) lack of spousal support, 6) sore nipple and breast pain, 7) baby's negative acceptance, 8) lack of familial support, 9) baby's diarrhea and watery milk. Discriminant statistical analysis of sever factors included ; 1) insufficient milk supply 2) sore nipple and breast pain, 3) pre-natal planning of breast feeding method, 4) mother's occupation 5) breast feeding method of previous infant, 6) nipple type, and 7) infant birth order. This analysis predicted a 78.9% successful breast feeding. Criterion correlation analysis revealed ; D=-1.780+.165$\times$(Fac3)+.135$\times$(Fac6)+.927$\times$(prenatal planning of breast feeding method)+.900$\times$(mother's occupation)+.675$\times$ (breast feeding method of previous infant)+1.0l4$\times$(nipple type)+.378$\times$(infant birth order). We classified the unsuccessful group as more than .63937 and the successful group less than -.82742 of the D value obtained from the above criterion correlation in order to check the success or the non-success of breast feeding mothers. The rate of correct classification of the grouped cases employing a statistical discriminant analysis was significantly improved to 78.9% when these cases were compared with the actual grouped classification.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

The present study was designed to explore the immunotoxic effects of orally administered aluminum (AI) on pregnant rats (n = 60) and their growing fetuses and consequently on the animal wealth. The animals were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 20 rats each. The first group has no treatment and kept as a control (G1). The second and third groups of pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum chloride at 345 mg/Kg b.wt. The second group (G2) received the tested compound from the $6^{th}$ day of gestation to the end of weaning, whereas the third group (G3) received the tested compound from the $15^{th}$h day of gestation to the end of weaning. Control and treated animals (dams and offspring) were immunized ip with (0.5 ml) 20% sheep red blood cell (SRBC) suspension seven days before the end of experiments. At the end of exposure, ten dams and ten offspring from each group were used for assessment of cell-mediated immunity and a similar number of animals were sacrificed for evaluating the humoral immune response and serum protein profile. Aluminum chloride exposure of dams ($G_2&G_3$) caused significant suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immune responses in the obtained offsprings compared to the control group ($G_1$) without any significant effect on the immune responses of these dams. Moreover, the serum total globulins, albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio and gamma globulin fraction were significantly decreased in the treated dam's offsprings compared to the corresponding controls while the serum total protein and all serum protein fractions showed non significant difference between the control and treated dams and between the two treated dam groups themselves. There were no histopathological changes observed in thymus, spleen and liver of the control and treated dams. Thymus of treated dam's offsprings (G2) showed lymphoid depletion in both cortex and medulla. Their spleens showed lymphoid depletion in the white pulps and congestion with hemosiderosis in the red pulps. Liver of treated dam's offsprings showed dilation and congestion of its central vein with degenerative changes in the hepatocytes. These histopathological changes were more severe in G2 than in G3 offsprings. It can be concluded that gestational and/ or lactation exposure of pregnant dams to AI chloride caused suppression of both cellular and humoral immune responses of their offsprings.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.545-552
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• 2017

Increasing concern is being given to the association between risk of cancer and exposure to low-dose bisphenol A (BPA), especially in young-aged population. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated oral treatment of low to high dose BPA in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposing juvenile rats to BPA (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 mg/kg oral gavage) from post-natal day 9 for 90 days resulted in higher food intakes and increased body weights in biphasic dose-effect relationship. Male mammary glands were atrophied at high dose, which coincided with sexual pre-maturation of females. Notably, proliferative changes with altered cell foci and focal inflammation were observed around bile ducts in the liver of all BPA-dosed groups in males, which achieved statistical significance from 0.5 mg/kg (ANOVA, Dunnett's test, p<0.05). Toxicokinetic analysis revealed that systemic exposure to BPA was greater at early age (e.g., 210-fold in $C_{max}$, and 26-fold in AUC at 50 mg/kg in male on day 1 over day 90) and in females (e.g., 4-fold in $C_{max}$ and 1.6-fold in AUC at 50 mg/kg vs. male on day 1), which might have stemmed from either age- or gender-dependent differences in metabolic capacity. These results may serve as evidence for the association between risk of cancer and exposure to low-dose BPA, especially in young children, as well as for varying toxicity of xenobiotics in different age and gender groups.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 1971

연세지역 아파트 주민의 모자보건과 가족계획에 대한 지식, 태도와 실천을 파악하기 위하여 1970년 11 월24일부터 12월 30일까지 305명의 유배우가임부인을 대상으로 조사 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. A. 임신과 출산 1. 현 임신율 16.4% 2. 분만장소 출산경험이 있는 281명에 대한 최종아의 분만중 48.0%가 의사 또는 조사원이 개조 하였고 그 나머지 52.0%는 가정분만이었다. 교육정도, 매스메디아 접촉정도가 높을수록, 그리고 도시출생성장일수록 병원 또는 조산원 분만이 높았다. 9. 분만시 방포 사용 종류 가정분만 141예중 세멘트 포대와 비닐을 깐 경우가 합해서 50%이었고 아무것도 깔지 않고 분만한 경우도 4예가 있었다. 4. 제대 절단 용구와 소독 가정 분만 141예중 70.2%가 가위를 사용했고, 소독해서 사용한 예는 불과 24.1%이었다. 5. 산후 휴식기간 산후 1달 혹은 1달이상 휴식한 예가 47.3%이었고 교육정도가 높아짐에 따라 길어지고 있다. 6. 초유처리 초유를 애기에게 먹인 예가 52.4%이있고 교육정도에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었다. 7. 산전 산후의 금기 음식 42.9%가 산전 산후에 먹어서는 안될 음식이 있다는 그릇된 지식을 갖고 있다. B. 아동 보건 1. 예방접종에 관한 지식과 실천 어린이 예방접종 6가지 모두 알고있는 부인은 20.3%이며 93.2%가 1가지 이상 알고있었다. 1가지 이상 실시한 경우는 85.2%이었고 교육정도별 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 최종아의 이환과 치료 48.1%가 아픈 일이 있었으며 그중 병원 이용은 41.5%이었다. 3. 육아 상담 76.5%가 상담한 일이 없었으며 세브란스 병원 육아 지도회 이용율은 13.2%의 저율을 보였고 앞으로의 육아지도회 이용할 생각은 54.1%가 생각 없다고 하였다. 4. 수 유 최종아의 이유기간은 6개월${\sim}$1년미만이 33.9%로 수위이며 젖뗀 이유는 모자 보건을 위해서가 수위였다. 5. 출생 및 사망신고장소에 대한 지식과 실천구청으로 답한 옳은 답은 64.6%였고 14일 이내 출생 신고한 비율은 29.2%에 한 하였다. C. 가족계획에 대한 지식, 태도, 실천정도 가족계획 찬성율은 95.0%의 고율을 보이고 있고, 97.7%가 1가지 이상의 방법을 알고 있었으나 가족계획 실천율은 35.4%이었다. 첫아이갖는 이상적인 연령은 $24{\sim}25$세가 수위였다. D. 자녀수 이상적인 평균 자녀수는 3.1명이며 인공유산 경험자는 31.1%이다. 본 논문을 완성함에 있어서 간곡하신 지도와 교열의 수고를 베풀어 주신 연세의대 예방의학교실 김일순 선생님과 연세간호대학 김모임 선생님께 충심으로 감사를 드린다.