• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.185-190
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• 1997

Background: Preemptive analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment that prevents the establishment of altered central processing which amplifies postoperative pain. A controversy exists over the effectiveness and clinical value of preemptive analgesia. We studied whether epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl prior to surgery could possibly affect postoperative pain and analgesic demands, as compared to administration of same at end of surgery. Methods: Forty patients scheduled for lower abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups and prospectively studied in a double-blind method. Group 1(n=20) received epidural injection of 15 ml bupivacaine 0.25% with fentanyl 100 y g before surgery while group 2(n=20) received the same injection at the end of their surgery respectively. Postoperative analgesia consisted of basal plus patient-controlled mode of epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl from PCA system. Postoperative visual analog pain scores(VAPS), analgesics consumption, supplementary analgesics requirement and side effects were assessed for 3 postoperative days. Results: There were no significant difference in analgesics requirement and pain scores, at any time, during rest or after movement, in measurement between the groups. Conclusions: We conclude no clinical value of effectiveness in administering epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl before surgery as compared to administration after surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

Background: Preemptive analgesia may decrease postoperative pain by preventing nociceptive inputs generated during surgery. The preemptive effect of intravenous nalbuphine was examined in gynecological surgery. Methods: Forty female patients scheduled for gynecological surgery were randomly allocated into two groups. Each patient received 10 mg of intravenous nalbuphine as a bolus dose at the closure of peritoneum in group I (n=20) and before the skin incision in group II (n=20). After the bolus dose, the intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) which contained 50 mg of nalbuphine, 120 mg of ketorolac, 0.25 mg of droperidol and 90 ml of 5% dextrose water was given continuously at the rate of 2 ml/min. The postoperative visual analogue scale pain score (VAS), the total amount of the analgesics used, the degree of satisfaction of the patients and the developement of side effects were examined for 2 days. Results: VAS were significantly lower in group II than in group I after 9 and 12 hours. The cumulative consumption of analgesics in group II was significantly less than in group I. Most patients were satisfied with this regimen. There were no remarkable side effects. Conclusions: Preemptive analgesia with intravenous nalbuphine decreased postoperative pain and analgesic requirement. The analgesic effect of IV-PCA with nalbuphine-ketorolac was effective in control of postoperative pain in gynecologic surgery.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2003

Background: Studies on the pain have been dealing with many different ways for last several centuries. Especially, preemptive analgesia is being used as a method to control the postoperative pain. Many studies on its efficacy have been processed in different ways about various drugs, administration methods and times for various operations. And the value of preemptive analgesia are still controversial regarding the results of other clinical studies. The authors performed a clinical study on efficacy of preemptive analgesia using an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the surgical extraction of impacted third molar teeth and present the more effective pain treatment after oral surgery with literature review. Methods: Using a randomized double blind test design, this study compared the analgesic efficacies of an NSAID, Talniflumate 370 mg. This drug administrated first either 1 hour preoperatively (experimental group) or when the pain developed moderately to severely over 5 scale of verbal rating scales (0-10) to respective 30 patients undergoing the removal of impacted third molars. Pain intensity and the time from the end of surgery were assessed postoperatively whenever the patients demanded additional drug over 5 scale for forty eight hours using same verbal rating scales. Results: The sex distribution, the age of the patients. and the time required for surgery in two groups were similar. The average first time for demanding additional drug after surgery was 163.9 minutes in experimental group and 191.5 minutes in control group. At this time, the average pain intensity was 5.8 in experimental group and 6.1 in control group. And the average second time for demanding additional drug was 365.5 minutes in experimental group and 351.8 minutes in control group. At this time. the average pain intensities were 6.6 in experimental group and 6.2 in control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the average first times and second times, and the average pain intensities at first and second times in two groups. Conclusions: From these results the efficacy of preemptive analgesia used in this study was not appeared. This clinical study indicates that many NSAIDs administrated preoperatively in present practices have weak efficacy of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain, thus the authors recommend that only postoperative analgesics are adequate without preoperative use of analgesics.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2013

Background: Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, might play a role in postoperative analgesia, but its effect on postoperative pain after caesarean section varies with study design. We investigated whether the preemptive administration of low-dose intravenous ketamine decreases postoperative opioid requirement and postoperative pain in parturients receiving intravenous fentanyl with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following caesarean section. Methods: Spinal anesthesia was performed in 40 parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section. Patients in the ketamine group received a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus intravenously followed by 0.25 mg/kg/h continuous infusion during the operation. The control group received the same volume of normal saline. Immediately after surgery, the patients were connected to a PCA device set to deliver 25-${\mu}g$ fentanyl as an intravenous bolus with a 15-min lockout interval and no continuous dose. Postoperative pain was assessed using the cumulative dose of fentanyl and visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Results: Significantly less fentanyl was used in the ketamine group 2 h after surgery (P = 0.033), but the difference was not significant at 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. No significant differences were observed between the VAS scores of the two groups at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative low-dose ketamine did not have a preemptive analgesic effect and was not effective as an adjuvant to decrease opioid requirement or postoperative pain score in parturients receiving intravenous PCA with fentanyl after caesarean section.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2005

Background: It is difficult to treat tourniquet-induced hypertension despite adequate anesthesia, and the mechanism of that is not known. And it may be possible that intraoperative continuous infusion of opioid induces preemptive analgesia postoperatively. We investigated the effect of intraoperative continuous i.v. fentanyl on tourniquet induced cardiovascular changes and postoperative preemptive analgesia in total knee replacements. Methods: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to two groups; In study group ($1.5{\mu}g/kg$ loading and $0.5{\mu}g/kg/hr$ continuous infusion of fentanyl before skin incision and tourniquet inflation) and control group (no treatment). Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane (1-2 MAC) and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Arterial pressure and heart rate were compared between two groups. They received postoperative pain treatment with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl during the postoperative 48 hours after total knee replacement. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at either rest or movement were used to assess pain. Total fentanyl dose delivered, number of PCA requests, supplemental analgesics, overall satisfaction score and adverse events were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups on cardiovascular changes by tourniquet induced pain effect. VAS, PCA delivered dose and PCA demands at movement in the 24-48 hour decreased in study group compared with control group (P < 0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two groups on the other time periods except 24-48 hour's patient satisfaction and adverse events. Conclusions: We suggest that intraoperative continuous i.v. fentanyl infusion dose not affect cardiovascular change by tourniquet induced pain. But it may induce preemptive analgesia postoperatively.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2004

Background: Many studies on efficacy of preemptive analgesia have been processed in different ways. But the value of preemptive analgesia is still controversial. The goal of this study was to compare analgesic effect of an NSAID according to three different administration times for oral surgical pain. Patients and Methods: Using a randomized, parallel-group, single-center, and active-controlled test design, this study was conducted to healthy 80 patients undergoing a surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar requiring bone removal. The oral NSAID was first administered 1 hour preoperatively, or 1 hour postoperatively, or no scheduled administration in pre or postsurgery. Whenever patients felt at least moderate pain (score ${\ge}$ 5 on a 10-point scale) after surgery, they were instructed to take the same drug. Pain intensities and times to the first and second onset of postoperative pain from end of surgery were assessed for 24 hours. Results: Of the enrolled eighty subjects in this study, 25 patients were assigned to preemptive, 26 to post-treatment and 29 to no treatment group. The demographic distribution and duration of surgery in the three groups were statistically similar. The mean time to first onset of postoperative pain was significantly prolonged in post-treatment group (277.2 minutes, p < 0.05) compared to preemptive (158.4 minutes) and no treatment group (196.5 minutes). The mean time to second onset of postoperative pain was not significantly different among the three groups. No significant statistical difference was found among the mean pain intensities at the first and second onset of postoperative pain in the three groups. Conclusions: In this small selected group of subjects and limited study design, the analgesic effects of NSAID administered preoperatively were no longer effective for postoperative pain. The results in this population imply that scheduled postoperative analgesics before pain development are adequate for postoperative analgesia without preoperative administration.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1998

Background: Preoperative analgesia may prevent nociceptive inputs generated during surgery from sensitizing central neurons and therefore may preempt postoperative pain. Although preemptive analgesia has shown to decrease postinjury pain in animals, studies in human are not consistent. We studied whether epidural morphine injection before surgical incision could affect postoperative pain and analgesic demands, compared with injection after removal of specimen. Methods: Forty patients scheduled for radical subtotal gastrectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups for prospective study in a double-blind manner. Group 1 received an epidural injection of 3 mg of morphine in 8 ml of 0.9% saline before surgical incision, and Group 2 after removal of specimen. Postoperative pain relief was provided with I.V. patient controlled analgesia (PCA) system. Numerical rating scales for pain and mood, Prince Henry Hospital scores for pain, cumulative PCA analgesic consumptions, and incidence of side effects were assessed at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after operation. Results: Cumulative PCA analgesic consumption in group 1 was significantly less than in group 2 at 2, 6 hours after surgery. Pain scores and the incidence of side effects were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Preoperative analgesia with epidural morphine showed little difference in patient controlled analgesic consumption after upper abdominal surgery compaired to intraoperative morphine.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.70-74
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• 1999

Background: Preemptive analgesia has been suggested recently as an another technique of postoperative pain control. Combination of low dose opioid and NSAIDs was used to lessen systemic opioid side effect, however, the use of NSAIDs may hinder their side effects in perioperative period. The local application of small dose at the target site can be effective without systemic effect. The aim of this study is evaluating the additive effect and side effect of transdermal piroxicam as preemptive adjuvant to intravenous nalbuphine on pain relief after major abdominal surgery. Methods: We reviewed the records of patients received piroxicam patch for preemptive analgesia before operation and compared it with control group. Two sheets of piroxicam patch to the skin incision site for 12 hours before operation were attached (Group 1, n=20) and no patch were applied (Group 2, n=20). Both groups were received nalbuphine continuously after operation using two days infuser (2 ml/hr) containing 80 mg (96 ml). Pain is evaluated by VAS score at each time; 30 min, 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after operation and side effects of NSAIDs were observed for 3days postoperatively. Results: There was no significant VAS score difference between two groups following time in progress. And no significant side effect was noted in both groups, either. Conclusion: There is no preemptive or synergistic analgesic effect of piroxicam patch attached at planned operation site before operation.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was designed to verify preemptive effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) infusion on postoperative pain in women having a total abdominal hysterectomy. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group post test only design. The participants in this study were 50 women who were scheduled for a total abdominal hysterectomy at a University affiliated Hospital in Suwon, Korea. The subjects were divided into two groups. For the experimental group, IV-PCA infusion was started before the skin incision and for the control group. IV-PCA infusion was started after the skin was closed. Each group was evaluated in terms of pain score by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the number of times they pushed the button for IV-PCA at postoperative hours 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24. The data were collected from July 1 to December 10, 2001. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS/PC + program. Result: 1. There was no difference between the two groups, over six points for the number of times the control button for IV-PCA was used. Group differences and interaction effect were not significant. 2. There was no significant difference in pain scores between the two groups, over seven time points. A significant interaction effect was observed between groups and measurement Points in time. 3. There was a significant difference in the requirements for additional analgesia between the two groups, 32% of the control group received additional analgesia. Conclusion: Preemptive analgesics administration may have a better effect in relieving postoperative pain than the usual analgesic treatment which is started after surgery.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.720-729
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• 2008

Purpose: This study investigated the preemptive analgesic effects of Morphine and Ketorolac on postoperative pain, cortisol, $O_2$ saturation and heart rate for the first 24 hr after abdominal surgery. Methods: Data collection was performed from April 1 to September 30, 2006. Forty patients undergoing a gastrectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. The experimental group (20 patients) was administered Morphine and Ketorolac approximately 1 hr prior to skin incision, but the control group (20 patients) was administered Morphine and Ketorolac at peritoneum closure through a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Postoperative pain, blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol, $O_2$ saturation, frequency of the PCA button pressed and doses of additional analgesics were observed through post operative 24 hr. Collected data was analyzed using t-test, $X^2$ test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni methods. Results: Postoperative pain, cortisol, the frequency of PCA button pressed, and dose of additional analgesics of the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group. There were no statistical differences in blood pressure, heart rate and $O_2$ saturation between the experimental group and control group. Conclusions: We concluded that administration of morphine and ketorolac at 1 hr prior to skin incision resulted in decreasing postoperative pain, but it didn't affect blood pressure, heart rate or $O_2$ saturation for 24 hr after abdominal surgery.