• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.485-507
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• 2018

Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFST) columns are an increasingly popular means to support great compressive loads in buildings. The residual strength capacity of CFST stub columns may be utilized to assess the potential damage caused by fire and calculate the structural fire protection for least post-fire repair. Ten specimens under room conditions and 10 specimens under fire exposure to the Eurocode smouldering slow-growth fire were tested to examine the effects of diameter to thickness D/t ratio and reinforcing bars on residual strength capacity, ductility and stiffness of CFST stub columns. On the other hand, in sixteen among the twenty specimens, three or six reinforcing bars were welded inside the steel tube. The longitudinal strains in the steel tube and load-displacement relationships were recorded throughout the subsequent compressive tests. Corresponding values of residual strength capacity calculated using AISC 360-10 and EC4 standards are presented for comparison purposes with the experimental results of this study. The test results showed that after exposure to $750^{\circ}C$, the residual strength capacity increased for all specimens, while the ductility and stiffness were slightly decreased. The comparison results showed that the predicted residual strength using EC4 were close to those obtained experimentally in this research.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2019

The post-fire behavior of structural elements and the cooling process has always been one of the main concerns of the structural engineers. The structures can be cooled at different rates, where they affect the structure's behavior. In the present study, a numerical model has been developed using the Abaqus program to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the post-fire behavior of the CFST column. To verify the model, results of an experimental study performed on CFST columns within a full heating and cooling cycle have been used. In this model, coMParison of the residual strength has been employed in order to examine the behavior of CFST column under different cooling rates. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out on the strength of steel and concrete, the height of the specimens, the axial load ratio and the cross-sectional shape of the specimen through the proposed model. It was observed that the cooling rate affects the behavior of the column after the fire, and thus the higher the specimen's temperature is, the more effect it has on the behavior. It was also noticed that water cooling had slightly more residual strength than natural cooling. Furthermore, it was recognized from the parametric study, that by increasing the strength of steel and concrete and the load ratio, as well as modifying the cross-sectional shape from circular to square, residual strength of column at the cooling phase was less than that of the heating phase. In addition, with reducing column height, no change was witnessed in the column behavior after the cooling phase.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 2015

The residual fracture toughness of post-fire normal-strength concrete subjected up to $600^{\circ}C$ is considered by the wedge splitting test. The initial fracture toughness $K_I^{ini}$ and the critical fracture toughness $K_I^{un}$ could be calculated experimentally. Their difference is donated as the cohesive fracture toughness $K_I^c$ which is caused by the distribution of cohesive stress on the fracture process zone. A comparative study on determining the residual fracture toughness associated with three bi-linear functions of the cohesive stress distribution, i.e. Peterson's softening curve, CEB-FIP Model 1990 softening curve and Xu's softening curve, using an analytical method is presented. It shows that different softening curves have no significant influence on the fracture toughness. Meanwhile, comparisons between the experimental and the analytical calculated critical fracture toughness values further prove the validation of the double-K fracture model to the post-fire concrete specimens.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2019

This paper presents an experimental work on the post-fire behavior of two kinds of innovative composite stub columns under eccentric compression. The partially precast steel reinforced concrete (PPSRC) column is composed of a precast outer-part cast using steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete (RPC) and a cast-in-place inner-part cast using conventional concrete. Based on the PPSRC column, the hollow precast steel reinforced concrete (HPSRC) column has a hollow column core. With the aim to investigate the post-fire performance of these composite columns, six stub column specimens, including three HPSRC stub columns and three PPSRC stub columns, were exposed to the ISO834 standard fire. Then, the cooling specimens and a control specimen unexposed to fire were eccentrically loaded to explore the residual capacity. The test parameters include the section shape, concrete strength of inner-part, eccentricity ratio and heating time. The test results indicated that the precast RPC shell could effectively confine the steel shape and longitudinal reinforcements after fire, and the PPSRC stub columns experienced lower core temperature in fire and exhibited higher post-fire residual strength as compared with the HPSRC stub columns due to the insulating effect of core concrete. The residual capacity increased with the increasing of inner concrete strength and with the decreasing of heating time and load eccentricity. Based on the test results, a FEA model was established to simulate the temperature field of test specimens, and the predicted results agreed well with the test results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권6호
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• pp.819-830
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• 2021

To evaluate the performance of concrete load bearing walls in a structure under horizontal loads after being exposed to real fire, two steps were followed. In the first step, an experimental study was performed on the thermo-mechanical properties of concrete after heating to temperatures of 200-1000℃ with the purpose of determining the residual mechanical properties after cooling. The temperature was increased in line with natural fire curve in an electric furnace. The peak temperature was maintained for a period of 1.5 hour and then allowed to cool gradually in air at room temperature. All specimens were made from calcareous aggregate to be used for determining the residual properties: compressive strength, static and dynamic elasticity modulus by means of UPV test, including the mass loss. The concrete residual compressive strength and elastic modulus values were compared with those calculated from Eurocode and other analytical models from other studies, and were found to be satisfactory. In the second step, experimental analysis results were then implemented into structural numerical analysis to predict the post-fire load-bearing capacity response of the walls under vertical and horizontal loads. The parameters considered in this analysis were the effective height, the thickness of the wall, various support conditions and the residual strength of concrete. The results indicate that fire damage does not significantly affect the lateral capacity and stiffness of reinforced walls for temperature fires up to 400℃.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 비선형 음향효과를 기반으로 한 비선형 공진기법을 도입하여 콘크리트의 배합비 및 화재 손상 조건(노출온도, 손상 후 경과기간)이 화재 손상 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 도입된 비선형 공진기법을 통해 기존 선형 탄성파 기반 평가 기법 대비 향상된 민감도를 나타내는 비선형인자를 측정하였으며, 쪼갬 인장강도 측정을 통해 배합비 및 화재 손상 조건에 따른 콘크리트의 잔존재료물성 평가를 수행하였다. 얻어진 결과를 토대로 배합비, 노출온도, 손상 후 경과기간이 화재 손상 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 추가적으로 쪼갬 인장강도비와 비선형인자의 직접적인 관계를 제시하였으며, 비선형 공진기법을 이용한 화재 손상 콘크리트의 잔존 강도 추정에 대한 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2017

콘크리트 구조물이 화재 손상을 입을 경우 노출온도 및 지속시간에 따라 구조물의 심각한 성능 저하를 야기하며, 콘크리트의 재료 물성 저하를 수반한다. 화재 손상을 입은 콘크리트 구조물의 재사용여부 및 보수보강 판단을 위해서는 손상 직후 및 재양생 조건에 따른 주요 손상 부위의 면밀한 손상 평가가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 재양생 조건에 따른 화재 손상을 입은 콘크리트의 재료물성 회복에 관한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 화재 손상을 입은 콘크리트 시편을 상대습도 및 재양생 기간을 달리한 재양생 조건을 적용하였으며, 충격공진기법을 도입하여 콘크리트 시편의 화재 손상 전후 및 재양생 이후의 동탄성계수를 측정하여 손상 정도를 평가하였다. 측정된 결과로부터 재양생 조건 중 높은 상대습도 조건에서 지배적으로 재료물성의 회복이 발생하였다. 추가적으로 콘크리트 시편의 동탄성계수 및 인장강도의 직접적인 비교 및 선형회귀분석을 수행하여 재양생 조건에 따른 영향을 분석하였으며, 이를 토대로 높은 습도 조건에서 동탄성계수의 회복이 인장강도에 비해 두드러지게 나타남을 확인하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2017

이 연구는 포스트텐션 콘크리트 부재의 화재에 대한 구조성능 평가기술을 개발하기 위하여, 고온에 노출된 포스트텐션 보와 슬래브 부재의 구조특성과 평가기법을 내화 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 내화 실험 시 가열은 전기로를 사용하였으며 수열온도를 $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$로 하였다. 이 연구로부터 고온을 받는 강연선은 응력 이완이 발생되고, 냉각되면서 긴장력의 일부 복원이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 포스트텐션 보와 슬래브 실험체가 각각 목표온도 도달 후 4시간 경과 시 포스트텐션 부재의 강연선의 잔존 긴장력을 살펴보면, 포스트텐션 보는 $400^{\circ}C$에서는 70%, $600^{\circ}C$에서는 10%, $800^{\circ}C$에서는 2%정도로 볼 수 있으며, 포스트텐션 슬래브는 $400^{\circ}C$에서는 94%, $600^{\circ}C$에서는 84.5%, $800^{\circ}C$에서는 62%정도로 나타났다. 상대적으로 포스트텐션 슬래브의 잔존 긴장력 손실이 작았던 이유는 슬래브가 고온에 일면 노출되었고, 강연선의 강도복원이 일어났기 때문으로 여겨졌다. 이 연구로부터 화재가 발생하는 경우 포스트텐션 부재는 강도 및 긴장력의 손실이 발생하고, 보강 시 손실된 내력만큼의 복원설계가 필요함을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2016

Fire ranks high among the potential risks faced by most buildings and structures. A full understanding of temperature effects on fiber reinforced concrete is still lacking. This investigation focuses on the study of the residual compressive strength, stress strain behavior and surface cracking of structural polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to temperatures up to $300^{\circ}C$. A total of 48 cubes was cast with different fiber dosages and tested under compression after exposing to different temperatures. Concrete cubes with varying macro (structural) fiber dosages were exposed to different temperatures and tested to observe the stress-strain behavior. Digital image correlation, an advanced non-contacting method was used for measuring the strain. Trends in the relative residual strengths with respect to different fiber dosages indicate an improvement up to 15 % in the ultimate compressive strengths at all exposure temperatures. The stress-strain curves show an improvement in post peak behavior with increasing fiber dosage at all exposure temperatures considered in this study.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.467-482
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• 2020

This research focused on analyzing the post-fire behavior of high-performance concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns, with the concrete containing tire rubber and steel fibers, under axial compressive loading. The finite element (FE) modeling of such heated columns containing recycled aggregate is a branch of this field which has not received the proper attention of researchers. Better understanding the post-fire behavior of these columns by measuring their residual strength and deformation is critical for achieving the minimum repair level required for structures damaged in the fire. Therefore, to develop this model, 19 groups of confined and unconfined specimens with the variables including the volume ratio of steel fibers, tire rubber content, diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio of the steel tube, and exposure temperature were considered. The ABAQUS software was employed to model the tested specimens so that the accurate behavior of the FE-modeled specimens could be examined under test conditions. To achieve desirable results for the modeling of the specimens, in addition to the novel procedure described in this research, the modified versions of models presented by previous researchers were also utilized. After the completion of modeling, the load-axial strain and load-lateral strain relationships, ultimate strength, and failure mode of the modeled CFST specimens were evaluated against the test data, through which the satisfactory accuracy of this modeling procedure was established. Afterward, using a parametric study, the effect of factors such as the concrete core strength at different temperatures and the D/t ratio on the behavior of the CFST columns was explored. Finally, the compressive strength values obtained from the FE model were compared with the corresponding values predicted by various codes, the results of which indicated that most codes were conservative in terms of these predictions.