• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

In modern Asia major cities had same problem with lack of affordable housing for families. So they had to concentrate to the mass supply of housing and made some physical counter effects like high density of cities, limitation of parking space. Also people who lived in those cities could suffer from broken traditional community culture. To rebuild traditional community and increase land usage, Block housing is suggested as a new kind of multi-family housing for old town redevelopment. Now some governments are trying to make urban code to give some initiative for new block housing development in old city blocks. They expect this new housing type can help to solve serious problems like lack of parking area, green space and context of block. Also they hope that block housing development can help to increase safety of town and reduce cost of development. The purpose of this study is to review the establishment and development process of Block Housing and to confirm the aspect which has been changed with urban organization together. Also this study tried to find out the intentional characteristics of similarities and differences with comparison of Korea and Japan. And as a result we could find critical physical viewpoint, and provide considerations for future study and plan. Several cases of block housing in Korea and Japan were reviewed for comparative study and Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) survey was examined to find satisfaction factors and problems which were expected to improved.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1991

Post-thoracotomy pain is so severe that lead to postoperative complications, such as sputum retention, segmental or lobar atelectasis, pneumonia, hypoxia, respiratory failure due to the patient`s inability to cough, deep breathing and movement. Many authors have been trying to reduce the post-thoracotomy pain, but there is no method of complete satisfaction. In 1974, Nelson and associates introduced the intercostal nerve block using the cryoprobe. The application of cold directly to the nerves causes localized destruction of the axons while preserving the endoneurium and connective tissue, thereby introducing a temporary pain block and able to complete regeneration of intercostal nerves. One hundred and two patients, who undergoing axillary or posterolateral thoracotomy at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in Korea University Medical Center between April 1990 and August 1990, were evaluated the effects of cryoanalgesia for the post-thoracotomy pain reduction. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A, control, the patients without the cryoanalgesia[No.=50], Group B, trial, the patients with cryoanalgesia[No.=52]. Before the thorax closed, in the group A, local anesthetics, 2% lidocaine 3cc, were injected to the intercostal nerves[one level with the thoracotomy, one cranial and caudal intercostal level and level of drainage tube insertion]. In the group B, cryoprobe was directly applied for 1 minute at the same level. Postoperative analgesic effects were evaluated by the scoring system which made arbitrary by author: The pain score 0 to 4, The limitation of motion score 0 to 3, The analgesics consumption score 0 to 3, The total score, the sum of above score, 0 to 10. For the evaluation of immediate analgesic effects, the score were evaluated at the operative day, the first postoperative day, the second postoperative day, and the seventh postoperative day. The effects of incision type, and rib cut to the post-thoracotomy pain were also evaluated. The results were as follows; 1. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia reduced the immediate postoperative pain significantly compare with control group. 2. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia improved the motion of the operation side significantly compare with control group. 3. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia reduced the analgesics requirements at the immediate postoperative periods significantly. 4. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia lowered the total score significantly compare with control group. 5. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia were more effective to the mid-axillary incision than to the posterolateral incision 6. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia were more effective to the patients without rib cut than to the patients with rib cut. 7. No specific complication need to be treated were not occurred during follow-up.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1763-1770
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• 2013

A series of the block copolymers were successfully synthesized from post-sulfonated hydrophilic and hydrophobic macromers via three-step copolymerization. The degrees of sulfonation (DS) of the copolymers (10%, 30%, or 50%) were controlled by changing the molar ratio of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. The resulting block copolymers were characterized by $^1H$ NMR and other technologies. The membranes were successfully cast using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution at $100^{\circ}C$. The copolymers were characterized to confirm chemical structure by $^1H$ NMR and FT-IR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that all sulfonated block copolymers exhibited good thermal stability with an initial weight loss at temperatures above $240^{\circ}C$. The membranes showed acceptable ion exchange capacity (IEC) and water uptake values in accordance with DS. The maximum proton conductivity was 184 mS $cm^{-1}$ in block copolymer-50 at $60^{\circ}C$ and 100% relative humidity, while the conductivity of Nifion-115 was 160 mS $cm^{-1}$ under the same measurement conditions. AFM images of the block copolymer membranes showed well separated the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. From the observed results it is that the prepared block membranes can be considered as suitable polymer electrolyte membranes for the application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2017

Purpose: Purpose of the study was to identify the effect of the Comprehensive Education Program (CEP) on intra-procedure anxiety, post-procedure uncertainty and athletic performance of back strengthening of patients undergo spinal nerve block (SNB). Methods: The participants (experimental group=33, control group=33) were recruited from a university hospital in G metropolitan city. Data were collected from July to November 2015. The experimental group was individually provided with a booklet/motion picture about the SNB and back strengthening exercise training before the SNB. This group also received a leaflet about back strengthening exercise post SNB. The Anxiety-Visual Analog Scale (A-VAS), the Mishel adapted uncertainty scale and newly created knowledge scale/athletic performance checklist were utilized as our study tools. Results: Intra-procedure anxiety score (F=25.70, p<.001), post-procedure uncertainty score (F=82.56, p<.001), post-procedure knowledge score (F=14.63, p<.001) and athletic performance rate of back strengthening (p=.003) of the experimental group showed statistically significant differences in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: This CEP is a cost and time-effective intervention for patients who undergo spinal injections, so it should be actively utilized as an educational management strategy in outpatient.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2005

최근에는 H.263, MPEG-4, H.264 등과 같은 동영상 압축에 관한 다양한 국제표준의 등장으로 인해 제한된 자원을 활용해서 여러 가지 표준을 효과적으로 지원할 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 동영상의 화질 개선에 중요한 역할을 담당하는 블록화 현상 제거부의 입장에서 볼 때 전통적인 $8\times8$ 블록기반의 비디오 후처리필터링과는 달리 H.264 압축방식에서의 블록화 현상 제거부는 구조상의 중요한 차이점을 가지고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 차이점을 분석하여 전통적인 $8\times8$ 블록기반의 비디오 후처리필터링을 함께 지원할 수 있는 H.264 블록화 현상 제거부의 설계방안을 제시한다. 제안된 설계방안에서는 필터링의 대상이 되는 블록경계를 적응적으로 선택하게 함으로써 $8\times8$ 블록크기와 $4\times4$ 블록크기에 모두 대처한다. 필터링된 결과를 움직임 보상에 사용할지 여부를 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 후처리필터링과 루프필터링에 모두 대처한다. 사람의 시각적 특성을 바탕으로 $8\times8$ 블록경계에서 발생되는 블록화 현상을 조사함으로써 전통적인 H.263 양자화 값과 H.264 양자화 값의 상관관계를 분석하여 H.263 양자화 변수값을 H.264 양자화 변수값으로 변환하는 방식을 이용한다. K264 블록화 현상 제거기능을 그대로 유지하면서 약간의 변형을 통해 효과적으로 H263, MPEG-4, H264 등과 같은 다양한 국제표준에 사용될 수 있는 블록화 현상 제거부를 구현할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.116-125
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• 2017

Background: Spinal pain is most common symptom in pain clinic. In most cases, before the treatment of spinal pain, physician explains the patient's disease and treatment. We investigated patient's satisfaction and physician's explanation related to treatments in spinal pain patients by questionnaires. Methods: Anonymous questionnaires about physician's explanation and patient's satisfaction in each treatment and post-treatment management were asked to individuals suffering from spinal pain. Patients who have spinal pain were participated in our survey of nationwide university hospitals in Korea. The relationships between patient's satisfaction and other factors were analyzed. Results: Between June 2016 and August 2016, 1007 patients in 37 university hospitals completed the questionnaire. In the statistical analysis, patient's satisfaction of treatment increased when pain severity was low or received sufficient preceding explanation about nerve block and medication (P < 0.01). Sufficient explanation increased patient's necessity of a post-treatment management and patients' performance rate of post-treatment management (P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results show that sufficient explanation increased patients' satisfaction after nerve block and medication. Sufficient explanation also increased the practice of patients' post-treatment management.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.383-393
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• 1993

Paleomagnetic data have been obtained from the Lower Triassic Tonggo formation which is exposed in the E-W trending Baekunsan syncline comprising the Pyongan Supergroup in eastern Korea. Two ancient components of magnetization are recovered in this formation by detailed thermal demagnetization: a post-folding component and a pre-folding component The post-folding component ($D/I=58.8/55.5^{\circ}$) is normally magnetized and appears to acquire in the Cretaceous Normal Superchron. It is a magnetic signature of the Daebo Orogeny and has been rotated clockwise since this magnetization has been acquired, in common with the main synclinal axis. The pre-folding component ($D/I=1.1/19.4^{\circ}$, Paleopole at $306.1^{\circ}E$, $63.2^{\circ}N$) passes fold and reversal tests and is inferred to be a post-depositional or early chemical diagenetic remanence of Lower-Middle Triassic age. This paleopole corresponds only with the Lower Triassic poles from the North China Block: it is removed from the contemporary poles from the South China Block. If the result of this study is corrected for the clockwise rotation deduced from the Cretaceous overprint, the enhanced agreement with the Lower Triassic poles from the North China block can be achieved. Therefore, a first order correlation between the Korean Peninsula and North China at least since Lower Triassic times is identified in this study.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2286-2304
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• 2022

Blockchain is a distributed ledger that combines technologies such as cryptography, consensus mechanism, peer-to-peer transmission, and time stamping. The rapid development of blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life, but storage scalability issues have hindered the application of blockchain. In this paper, a scalable blockchain storage model based on Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) was proposed. This paper introduces the current research status of the scalable blockchain storage model, as well as the basic principles of DHT and the InterPlanetary File System. The model construction and workflow are explained in detail. At the same time, the DHT network construction mechanism, block heat identification mechanism, new node initialization mechanism, and block data read and write mechanism in the model are described in detail. Experimental results show that this model can reduce the storage burden of nodes, and at the same time, the blockchain network can accommodate more local blocks under the same block height.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.217-221
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• 1994

Percutaneous neurolysis of upper thoracic sympathetic ganglion was performed in 40 patients by simultaneously injecting 3 ml of pure alcohol into the T2 and T3 levels after 3 ml of injection of local anesthetic agent on the same sites. Using a skin temperature probe, finger tip temperatures were measured on the index finger ipsilateral to the nerve block before block, 15 and 30 minutes after test block, and 30 minutes after alcohol block. Alcohol block was performed immediately after 30 minutes test block. Finger tip temperatures obtained at 30 minutes post alcohol block and test block and the differences in the temperatures measured before and 30 minutes after alcohol block were shown to be statistically important as potential indicators for prediciting long term outcome of therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis using this technique. These results demonstrate that the palmar temperature monitoring method is sufficiently sensitive to predict the outcome of nerve block during and after thoracic sympathetic ganglion block.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 암호와 복호 과정이 동일한 SPN 구조 256 비트 블록 암호 알고리즘인 가칭 XSB(eXtended SPN Block cipher)를 제안한다. XSB는 짝수 N 라운드로 구성하고, 1 라운드부터 N/2-1 라운드까지는 전함수를 적용하고, N/2+1 라운드부터 N 라운드까지는 후함수를 적용한다. 각 라운드는 키 합산층, 치환층, 바이트 교환층 및 확산층의 네 단계로 구성한다. 또한 전함수단과 후함수단 사이에 대칭 블록을 구성하는 대칭단을 삽입한다. 대칭단은 간단한 비트 슬라이스 대합 S-박스로 구성한다. 비트 슬라이스 대합 S-박스는 Square 공격, 부매랑 공격, 불능차분 공격 등의 공격을 어렵게 한다.