• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2016

Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.575-581
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• 1995

Both immunoelectron microscopy(IEM) and immunogold conjugate immunoelectron microscopy (IGC-IEM) techniques were developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) from the feces. Fecal samples were incubated sequentially with anti-PEDV monoclonal antibody(MoAb) and immunogold conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG+IgM. Then negatively stained, mounted on the formvar carbon-coated copper EM grids and observed by the transmission electron microscope. By the direct electron microscopy(DEM), coronavirus particles were observed from 17 cases of total 33 fecal samples of grower pigs and sows. The virons of coronavirus were moderately pleomorphic but mostly spherical, with a diameter ranged from 90 to 190nm. PED virus particles were identified from 15 cases of 17 DEM positive samples by the IEM and IGC-IEM techniques. Aggregates of PED virus coated with specific antibody were seen in fecal samples incubated with homologous anti-PED virus MoAb but not in control samples incubated with anti-TGE virus MoAb. Following incubation with immunogold-conjugated secondary antibody, the gold granules were usually distributed around and among the virus particles and soluble and viral particle-associated antigen. So, IEM and IGC-IEM techniques were proved a rapid and sensitive methods for detection and identification of PED virus from fecal and intestinal contents.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.10
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• 2021

Coronavirus causes an infectious disease in various species and crosses the species barriers leading to the outbreak of zoonotic diseases. Due to the respiratory diseases are mainly caused in humans and viruses are replicated and excreted through the respiratory tract, the nasal fluid and sputum are mainly used for diagnosis. Early diagnosis of coronavirus plays an important role in preventing its spread and is essential for quarantine policies. For rapid decision and prompt triage of infected host, the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been widely used for point of care testing. However, when the ICA is applied to an expectorated sputum in which antigens are present, the viscosity of sputum interferes with the migration of the antigens on the test strip. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to use a mucolytic agent without affecting the antigens. In this study, we combined known mucolytic agents to lower the viscosity of sputum and applied that to alpha and beta coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, spiked in sputum to find optimal pretreatment conditions. The pretreatment method using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and BSA was suitable for ICA diagnosis of sputum samples spiked with PEDV and MERS-CoV. This sensitive assay for the detection of coronavirus in sputum provides an useful information for the diagnosis of pathogen in low respiratory tract.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.173-186
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to investigate the tendency of incident diseases in pre- and post- weaning piglets which ages were 1 to 7 weeks old by laboratory diagnosis and in order to minimize death in preweaning piglets and of stunted growth in postweaning piglets. The result of this experiment used as the basic data for the preventive programs in pre- and post- weaning piglets and were as follows: 23 different diseases diagnosed in 331 cases were studied in relation to age, season, and etiology. The most prevelent diseases of pre- and post- weaning piglet were Colibacillosis(79 case, 23.9%) and the major diseases were Salmonellosis(44 cases, 13.3%), Anemia(37 cases, 11.2%). Unknown viral disease(20 case, 6.1%), Rota viral infection(19 case, 5.8%), Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome(PRRS; 15 case 4.5%), Transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE; 12 case, 3.6%). The gastrointestinal disease, such as Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Swine dysentery, Clostridial infection, Rotaviral infection, TGE, Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) and Ballantidiosis occured pro- dominently in the period of pre- and post- weaning, which were 178 cases(53.8%) and not related to occurrence according to age and season. The respiratory diseases were Atrophic rhinitis(AR), Swine enzootic pneumonia, Pneumonic pasteurellosis, Pleuropneumonia, Branchopneumonia, PRRS and which were 48 cases(14.5%) and higher prevalent in spring and summer. The viral diseases was 73 cases(22.1%) that occurred in the period of 5 weeks piglet and prevalent mainly in spring. The bacterial diseases were 188 cases(56.8%) that were not related to occurrence according to age and season. Salmonellosis was prevalent in 3 to 5 weeks piglet and mainly occurred in summer. Viral septicemia and rotaviral infection occurred after 5 weeks piglets intensively and 3 to 5 weeks, respectively. And the both occurred without relation with season. PRRS occurred after 4 weeks piglet and prevalent in summer. TGE occurred 1 to 7 days old piglets and prevalent in spring and winter. Hematologic values of anemia was decrease in number of Red Blood Cell, concentration of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit. Amikacin, cephalothin, colistin, norfloxacin were effective to E coli, and amikacin, cephalothin, nortloxacin, neomycin were effective to Salmonellra spp. but clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin, sulfonamides were resistant to E coli and Salmonella spp.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.891-896
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• 2008

피자두와 후무사로 만든 자두와인 내 총 페놀화합물과 플라보노이드 함량을 비교분석한 결과, 총 페놀화합물은 피자두 와인 ($478.4{\pm}5.6\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($200.6{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)보다 2배, 플라보노이드 함량은 피자두 와인 ($202.4{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($64.4{\pm}6.8\;mg/L$)보다 3배 이상 많았다. 자두와인 자체의 항산화 효과를 DPPH 전자공여능으로 비교분석하였을 때 정제된 페놀화합물보다 그 활성이 크게 낮았으나, ethyl acetate로 추출한 중성 페놀화합물과 산성 페놀화합물의 항산화 활성은 mg/mL의 농도에서 정제된 페놀화합물과 비슷하게 나타났다. 특히, 중성페놀화합물의 경우, $100{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 64.5%의 전자공여능을 나타내었는데 이는 동일 농도의 정제된 페놀화합물(chlorogenic acid 15.5%, quercetin 24.6%)의 활성보다 3배 이상 높은 값이었다. vero cell에 돼지설사바이러스(PEDV)를 감염시켜 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성을 분석한 결과 중성 페놀화합물이 저농도 ($10\;{\mu}g/mL$이하)에서 상용 항바이러스제인 ribavirin보다 세포독성효과 (CPE)를 더 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종류의 페놀화합물간에는 중성 페놀화합물이 산성 페놀화합물에 비해 최대 1.5배 정도 더 높은 항바이러스 활성을 보여주었다. 그러나, 고농도 ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$)에서는 ribavirin이 페놀화합물보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 정상세포에 대한 세포독성은 모든 실험군에서 나타나지 않아 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성이 바이러스 특이적인 효과임을 알 수 있었다.