• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 1989

This study was conducted to purify and characterize a polysaccharide fraction from whole parts of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, which was previously reported to show an antitumor activity by us. The plant was extracted with 5% ethanol for 3 days in the room temperature. The extract was dialyzed by 5% ethanol, and then concentrated by extraction with $excess\;_N-butanol$, followed by gel filtration named Fr. a and b. Each was composed of gallic acid, hexose, pentose, uronic acid and protein, indicating that both fractions were tannic polysaccharide containing protein. Heat treatment of them yielded gallic acid less polysaccharides. They showed a colony stimulating factor activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.333-337
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to get infomation on the nitric oxide production ability and its formation mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum(PSG) by using murine macrophage cell line. The cultured mycelial cells of Ganoderma lucidum were extracted by alkali, and than neutralized by acid. The extract were passed through the column of DEAE cellulose for more purification. The neutral fraction was concentrated and precipitated with 95% ethanol. The precipitate was lyophilized and PSG was obtained. The immunomodulating effects of PSG on macrophage were performed by using murine macrophage cell line ATCC TIB 71 cells with PSG 0.5mg. PSG alone could not induce the production of nitrite, but it had a significant potential effect on nitrite secretion when the cells were primed and triggered with BCG and Interferon(IFN)-${\gamma}$. Also it was prominent by using calcium channel blocker(verapamil) and adenylate cyclase activator(forskolin).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.147-153
• /
• 1995

The cultured mycelial cells of Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by alkali, and then neutralized by acid. The extract was passed through the column of DEAE cellulose for more purification. The neutral fraction was concentrated and precipitated with 95% ethanol. The precipitate was lyophilized and then PSG(polysaccharides) was obtained. PSG was composed of 82.2% polysaccharide, 0.7% protein and 17.1% uronic acid. Sugar conjugates of its hydrolysates were produced using with fluorescent compound(7-amino-1,3-naphthalene disulfonic aicd : 7-AGA), and then fluorescent labeled sugar conjugates were separated by reverse phase high perfomance liquid chromatography. Hydrolysates of PSG were composed of sixteen amino acids and 95.7% glucose, 2.7% xylose, 1.6% fucose and tract amount of galactose and mannose. The immunomodulating effects of PSG on macrophage were perfomed using murine macrophage cell line ATCC TIB 71 cells. PSG augumented the phagocytic activity of TIB 71 cells against fluorescent latex beads.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.293-297
• /
• 2018

Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai leaves contain a mixture of polysaccharides, amino acids, and polyphenols, which mediate various biological activities. For efficient utilization of its leaf, we reported the preparation procedure for phytochemical-rich extract (PRE) using the leaf residue, which was by-product of hot water extraction. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of PRE and its major constituent, p-coumaric acid,on the growth of several human cancer cell lines (MKN-74, MKN-45, SNU-1, SNU-16, and HL-60). The ethyl acetate fraction of PRE and p-coumaric acid significantly inhibited the proliferation of MKN-74 and HL-60 cells, respectively, and induced cell apoptosis, down-regulated Bcl-2 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase levels, and up-regulated those of Bax and caspase-3. These results show the potential utility of S. quelpaertensis Nakai leaves in cancer prevention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1634-1641
• /
• 2005

Generally, dietary fibre (DF) includes lignin, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and resistant starch (RS). In monogastric species, low levels of dietary fibre in the diet are associated with various diseases and high levels reduce nutrient digestibilities. In this study, the effects of different types and levels of NSP (soluble: $\beta$-glucan, insoluble cellulose) and resistant starch on mucin secretion and endogenous nitrogen and amino acid losses in pigs were investigated. A total of 25 five-week-old weaner pigs (9.5 kg${\pm}$1.5 kg), were randomly allocated to each of five experimental diets. Different levels of purified barley $\beta$-glucan (BG) extract (5 or 10% of $Glucagel^{(R)}$ $\beta$-glucan, providing 4 or 8% of BG in the diet), and resistant starch (RS) (8.3 or 16.6% of Hi-$Maize^{TM}$, providing 5 or 10% RS in the diet) were substituted for wheat starch in a purified diet in which enzymatically-hydrolysed casein was the sole source of protein. The diets were fed for 21 days. No statistically significant difference between treatments (p>0.05) was observed for growth performance and organs weights. No difference in ileal starch digestibility was observed between pigs on the cellulose or $\beta$-glucan diets. However, as the level of resistant starch in the diet increased the ileal starch digestibility decreased (p<0.05). The inclusion of resistant starch in the diet (5 or 10%) did not increase mucin production when compared with the cellulose-only diet. However, as the level of beta-glucan in the diet increased, both crude mucin in the digesta dry matter and per kg dry matter intake increased (p<0.05). Pigs fed the diet containing 8% of beta-glucan had higher endogenous loss flow than those fed the diets including 5 or 10% of resistant starch or 4% of $\beta$-glucan. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of resistant starch increased the level of starch reaching the large intestine without any effect on mucin secretion, or endogenous nitrogen or amino acid losses content in the small intestine. The addition of $\beta$-glucan to a diet containing cellulose increases both mucin secretion and endogenous amino acid and nitrogen losses in the small intestine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.712-716
• /
• 2011

We investigated changes in the extraction yield and whitening activity of polysaccharides from Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll due to gamma irradiation. U. pinnatifida sporophyll was gamma-irradiated at doses of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 kGy, then extracted with hot water and precipitated with ethanol to extract polysaccharides. Crude polysaccharide yields increased with an increase in irradiation dosage, but tyrosinase inhibition activity did not change. Melanin synthesis did not significantly differ between B16BL6 cells treated with irradiated and non-irradiated samples. In conclusion, gamma irradiation increased the crude polysaccharide extraction yield but did not change the whitening activity of U. pinnatifida sporophyll. This implies that gamma irradiation can be used to increase yields in the cosmetic industry, thus increasing profits.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1988.08a
• /
• pp.147-150
• /
• 1988

Polysaccharides which show reticuloendothelial system potentiating activity in carbon clearance tests have been examined in water extracts of Panx species. From the dried roots of P. notoginseng, an active polysaccharide called sanchinan-A was isolated. The molecular weight of sanchinan-A was estimated to be 1,500,000D and the structure was determined to be $\beta$-D-(1-3-galactan), possessing branch points at positions 0-6 at which (mainly-$\alpha$-L-arabinofuranosyl and partly $\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-6)-$\beta$-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1-3)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl side chains are attached on average, to two of three galactosyl units. From dried rhizomes of P. japonicus, several active polysaccharides were also isolated, and these structuers were also determined. From the dried roots of P. ginseng, several polysaccharides which showed strong activity were isolated. The structures of these compounds are currently under investigation. The polysaccharide fraction (non-dialyzed fraction) of the water extract of red ginseng (steam-dried roots) did not exhibit activity, while the dialyzed fraction potentiated RES. Activity disappeared, however, during the process of separation due to the presence of a substance in the fraction which stabilizes an active substance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.294-299
• /
• 2000

The effects of hot water soluble polysaccharides extract(PS) of Lentinus edodes on the lipid components in the liver and plasma of the rats fed the butter yellow were investigated. Twenty four rats were divided into four groups and fed with the diet containing 15% casein, 30% sucrose and 10% soybean oil (basal diet; NO group), supplemented with butter yellow (BO group) or/and PS (NP, BP group). The contents of triglyceride and phospholipid in liver were significantly lower in BP group than BO group but the content of total lipid and total cholesterol were not significant difference between BO and BP. The concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride of plasma were significantly lower in BP than BO. AS the results PS of Lentinus edodes prevent the triglyceride and cholesterol rise and then improve the lipid metabolism of rats fed the butter yeollow.

• ALGAE
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.237-247
• /
• 2014

Polysaccharides prepared from marine algae sometimes contain contaminants such as polyphenols and endotoxins that may mislead their bona fide biological activities. In this study, we examined bioactive contaminants in commercially available fucoindan from Fucus vesiculosus, along with ascophyllan and fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum. F. vesiculosus fucoidan inhibited the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus in a concentration-dependent manner ($0-1,000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$). However, the antibacterial activity of the fucoidan significantly reduced after methanol-extraction, and the methanol-extract showed a potent antibacterial activity. The extract also showed cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and U937 cells, and induced apoptotic nuclear morphological changes in U937 cells. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of the fucoidan is partly due to the methanol-extractable contaminants that can also contribute to the cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and U937 cells. On the other hand, the activities to induce secretion of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ from RAW264.7 cells were observed in the fucoidan even after methanol extraction, and the extract had no such activities. Our observations suggest that commercially available fucoidan should be purified prior to biochemical use.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 2011

Agaricus brasiliensis, one of edible mushroom belonging to Basidiomycota, has been used for curing gastric ulcer and stomach cancer of human beings and also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were prepared from fruiting body of the mushroom. ${\beta}$-glucan and total protein contents were identify from fractions of edible mushrooms extract. The ${\beta}$-glucan and protein contents of all fractions of the mushrooms ranged from 21.54~32.31% and 0.16~9.34%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HT-29, NIH3T3 and RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of 18.8~50.6% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW increased the numbers of spleen cell by 1.2 fold at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared with control. Fr. MeOH and Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.6 fold compared with control at the concentration of 50~500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Fr. Na generated 15.9 ${\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, while lipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced 3.7 ${\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH increased the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, Il-2 and IL-6 by 2.2 times compared with the control group. Fr. Na increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells by 4 folds at the concentration of 50mg/kg compared with control. Circulating leukocytes increased by 2.7 folds when Fr. HW from A. brasiliensis was inoculated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. The hematological and blood chemical analysis of the 3 fractions did not show any difference in blood compositions and enzyme activities compared with the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the experimental results suggested that crude polysaccharides extracted from A. brasiliensis contain antitumor and immuno-potentiating activities against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice.