• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2460-2464
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• 2014

Recently studies indicate that the microcalorimetry is a suitable measurement for metabolic activities of organisms by recording the rate of heat outputs. In this work, we investigated the growth thermogenic curves of Escherichia coli (E. coli) affected by three kinds of Glycyrrhiza extracts by microcalorimetry. The power-time and exponential phase power-time curves of the E. coli growth at various concentrations of extracts were generated. The kinetic parameters such as the growth rate constants (C), maximum power outputs (Pm), peak times (Tm), and inhibition ratios were calculated and the relationships between Pm or Tm and C were established. Also, the clear correlations among the antimicrobial effects, Pm and C were obtained. The results revealed the Glycyrrhiza extracts had inhibitory activities towards E. coli while the Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides showed the most potent effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.431-438
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• 2000

The physical and processing properties of acorn jelly were investigated to see the effect of polysaccharides in seaweed extract and corn starch. The yield of acorn jelly added starch concentration was slightly increased when the concentration was added more. However, moisture content and color had no significant changes with concentration. In the case of acorn jelly added sea tangle, color of acorn jelly was darker, but color of the jelly with carrageenan was lighter. According to the concentration of seaweed extract, the hardness was increased as concentration was added. The texture of acorn Jelly added agar had the highest binding. In the case of acorn jelly added corn starch, there were no significant changes, but this binding was stronger than the acorn jelly added extract of marine algae. In the physical and sensory properties of acorn jelly with corn starch, the ideal mixture ratio between the acorn jelly and the corn starch was 6:4.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1332-1338
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of soluble non-starch polysaccharides on growth performance, mucin secretion, and endogenous amino acid flows in weaner pigs. Different levels (0, 4 and 7.5%) of purified corn arabinoxylan (AX) or barley $\beta$-glucan extract (BG) were substituted for cellulose in a purified diet based on starch, sucrose and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein. All diets contained titanium oxide as an indigestible marker. Each experimental diet was fed to five, 6-wk old weaner pigs for 21 days. Average daily gain (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p<0.01) were improved with dietary inclusion of 7.5% AX and BG, indicating high degradation rates of AX and BG in pigs. Crude mucin contents and endogenous nitrogen flow were increased (p<0.05) with increased levels of AX, but not with BG. Numerical increases in endogenous amino acid flow (EAAF) were observed with increased levels of AX but no definite trend with BG. Endogenous amino acid flow in pigs fed mixed NSP diets (4% BG and 3.5% cellulose) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed 7.5% BG diets. Among diets containing pure sources of soluble non-starch polysaccharides, endogenous amino acid flows were highest in 7.5% AX (p<0.05), intermediate in BG, and lowest in control diet. Increased flows (p<0.01) of threonine, proline and serine in pigs fed 7.5% AX diets are consistent with the increased flow of crude mucin determined in this treatment. In conclusion, mucin and endogenous amino acid flows were increased with dietary inclusion of AX, which could be related to its physicochemical property, particularly its high water-holding capacity. In contrast, $\beta$-glucan, due to its high degradation rate in pig, may be considered as unimportant factor in inducing mucin and endogenous amino acid secretions, at least at levels such as those used in this study.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 1999

We have isolated two anticoagulant polysaccharides from an acidic extract of Codium fragile. The purification was conducted using three consecutive chromatographies of DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, Sephadex G-100 (G-75), and Sepharose CL-6B by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The two purified anticoagulant polysaccharides, CF-1-VIa-1 and CF-1-VIIa-1, were found to be nearly homogenous on HPLC using a gel permeation column and appeared to have molecular weights of about 80,000 Da and 40,000 Da, respectively. The polysaccharides consisted mainly of arabinose and galactose in a molar ratio of about 2 : 1, and also comprised 12-13% of sulfates at their constituent sugars. CF-1-VIa-1 and CF-1-VIIa-1 inhibited blood coagulation via both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways. The polysaccharides unlike heparin showed an inhibitory activity on thrombin when a pure fibrinogen without antithrombin III was used as a substrate. Structural modifications using sulfation and desulfation affected the anticoagulant activities directly, suggesting that the content of sulfate plays an important role in the blood coagulation cascade. The polysaccharides may inhibit some proteases involved in the blood coagulation cascade, judging from the independence of calcium concentrations in their anticoagulant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1647-1653
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• 2008

This study used response surface methodology (RSM) in an effort to optimize the water extraction conditions of Hypsizigus marmoreus in order to increase cytotoxicity activity of the extract. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of independent variables, which included the extraction temperature ($X_1$), extraction time ($X_2$), the ratio of solvent to sample ($X_3$) on dependent variables of the extracts, including extraction yield ($Y_1$) and protein content ($Y_2$). The estimated optimal conditions were as follows: $51.3^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.2 hrs extraction time, and 46.7 mL/g of solvent per sample. The extract (CE) was extracted at optimal condition and crude polysaccharides (CPS) were obtained from CE by ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying. Neutral (NPS) and acidic (APS) fraction of polysaccharides were seperated from CPS by ion chromatography. The growth inhibitory effects of the APS (0.5 mg/mL) on AGS human cancer cells were 73.97%. CPS showed the highest growth inhibitory effects on HepG2 human cancer cell at 0.5 mg/mL. However all fraction polysaccharides from Hypsizigus marmoreus showed lower than 20% growth inhibition on SW480 human cancer cell.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-117
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• 2017

Laver, Porphyra, is distinctive for its high content of proteins and polysaccharides such as porphyran and hemicellulose. The chemical properties of the polysaccharides extracted with different extraction methods such as hot water, dilute acid(pH 4.0) or alkali solution(2N NaOH) were examined to investigate the suitable extraction conditions for porphyran and hemicellulose from laver. For porphyran extraction, dilute acid solution was more preferable to hot water and alkali solution because of its higher 3,6-anhydrogalactose content and lower protein content. However, alkali solution was more suitable to extract the hemicellulose because of higher mannose content indicating the extraction of mannan. To decrease contamination of the polysaccharides with protein, the dried lavers were pretreated with enzymes (Protamex, Flavourzyme, Alcalase, Viscozyme) before hot water extraction. All enzyme pretreatments increased the yield of polysaccharides by compared with control (enzyme unpretreated) and Flavourzyme pretreatment was most effective to decrease protein contamination in the polysaccharide. All viscosities of porphyran solutions pretreated by enzymes were lower compared to the control porphyran solution and showed pseudoplastic behavior with yield stress. In case of alkali extraction of residues obtained after enzyme hydrolysis and hot water extraction, protease pretreatment increased the mannose contents in the polysaccharide while the xylose content was increased by Viscozyme pretreatment.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.126-134
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• 2016

To examine the possibility of using Musa sapientum L. (Banana) leaf extract as a cosmetic raw material, banana leaves grown in Jeju Island were extracted with 70% ethanol. Polysaccharides present in banana leaf extract were discarded by precipitation with cold ethanol. Polysaccharide-discarded banana leaf extract promoted procollagen and COL1A1 gene expression, but inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 gene expression in human skin fibroblasts when examined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The active compound in banana leaves was identified by fractionation with various solvents. The chloroform fraction showed the highest anti-wrinkle efficacy and the active compound of chloroform fraction was identified as corosolic acid by NMR, FT-IR, EA, and HPLC-MS. In addition, banana leaf extract showed anti-oxidative efficacy with an IC50 value of 67.91 ppm, as determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Finally, the anti-wrinkle efficacy of banana leaf extract-containing cream was confirmed by clinical tests. Based on these results, banana leaves could have an application as a cosmetic raw material with anti-wrinkle efficacy.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2008

Immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea extract on the mouse splenocytes was investigated. Crude S. herbacea polysaccharide extract (CSP) and other kinds of fine S. herbacea polysaccharides (SPI and SPII) were prepared from S. herbacea by hot water extraction and further ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. In vitro experiment, the mouse splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CSP, SPI or SPII (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/ml). In vivo experiment, three different S. herbacea extracts were orally administrated everyday for one week. For the basic data, body weight and physiological parameters such as organ weight and spleen index were observed. The proliferation of the cells was used as an index for immunemodulating activity and the effect of proliferation was evaluated using MTS assay. The CSP, SPI and SPII directly induced the proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In results, the proliferation was more increased in the SPI and SPII treated cells than in the CSP treated cells. The best proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI at the concentration of 4 mg/ml for 24 hr. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T-cells was higher (3.2 and 3.5 times, respectively) than the control. Moreover, when the mouse splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the efficient proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI. In conclusion, polysaccharides from S. herbacea showed a substantial immunomodulating activity in the mouse immune cells.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.750-755
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• 2010

Crude Orostachys japonicus polysaccharide extract (OJP) was prepared by hot steam extraction. Polysaccharides (OJPI) were separated from OJP by gel filtration chromatography and phenol-sulfuric acid assay. The average molecular weight of the OJPI was 30-50 kDa. The anti-proliferative effect of OJPI on HT-29 human colon cancer cells was investigated via morphology study, cell viability assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, and cDNA microarray. OJPI inhibited proliferation and growth of HT29 cells and also stimulated apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In cell cycle analysis, treatment with OJPI resulted in a marked increase of cells in the G0 (sub G1) and G2/M phases. To screen for genes involved in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the gene expression profiles of HT-29 cells treated with OJPI were examined by cDNA microarray, revealing that a number of genes were up- or down-regulated by OJPI. Whereas several genes involved in anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation and growth, and cell cycle regulation were down-regulated, expression levels of several genes involved in apoptosis, tumor suppression, and other signal transduction events were up-regulated. These results suggest that OJPI inhibits the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by various apoptosis-aiding activities as well as apoptosis itself. Therefore, OJPI deserve further development as an effective agent exhibiting anticancer activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 1993

To find antitumor components in the hot water extract of the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, protein-bound polysaccharides were purified and fractionated (Fr. I-V) by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange column chromatography and Sepbarose CL-4B gel filtration. When a dose of 20 mg/kg/day of each was, i.p., injected into ICR mice, the inhibition ratios against the solid form of sarcoma 180 were $64.2{\sim}75.8%$. The antitumor component was examined for immunological activity. It increased the amount of superoxide anion released by induced macrophages in peritoneal cavity to 1.8 times and the count of hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) was increased to 4.4 times as compared with those of the control group. It contained 68.6% polysaccharide which consisted of mannose, glucose, galactose, fucose and xylose and 5.1% protein consisting of 17 amino acids. The contents of hexosamine were 0.78%. The molecular weight of Fr. V that showed the highest antitumor activity was $5.8{\times}10^4$ dalton by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration. It was named lucidan.