• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.10
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• pp.276-322
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• 2004

Historical interest in China in 1930s has been mostly focused on political characteristic of the National Government(國民政府) which was established by the KMT(中國國民黨) as a result of national unification. It is certain that China had a chance to construct a modern country by the establishment of the very unified revolutionary government. But, it was the time of expanding national crises that threatened the existence of the country such as the Manchurian Incident and the Chinese-Japanese War as well as the chaos of the domestic situation, too. So it has a good reason to examine the characteristic and pattern of the response of the political powers of those days. But, as shown in the recent studies, the manifestation method of political power by the revolutionary regime catches our attention through the understanding of internal operating system. Though this writing started from the fact that the Nationalist Government executed the administrative reform which aimed at "administrative efficiency" in the middle of 1930s, but it put stress on the seriousness of the problem and its solution rather than political background or results. "Committee on Administrative Efficiency(行政效率委員會)", the center of administrative reform movement which was established in 1934, examined the plan to execute the reform through legislation by the Executive Council(行政院) on the basis of the results of relevant studies. They claimed that the construction of a modern country should be performed by not political revolution anymore but by gradual improvement and daily reform, and that the operation of the government should become modern, scientific and efficient. There were many fields of administrative reform subjects, but especially, the field of records and archives adminstration(文書檔案行政) was studied intensively from the initial stage because that subject had already been discussed intensively. They recognized that records and archives were the basic tool of work performance and general activity but an inefficient field in spite of many input staff members, and most of all, archival reform bring about less conflicts than the fields of finance, organization and personnel. When it comes to the field of records adminstration, the key subjects that records should be written simply, the process of record treatment should be clear and the delay of that should be prevented were already presented in a records administrative meeting in 1922. That is, the unified law about record management was not established, so each government organization followed a conventional custom or performed independent improvement. It was through the other records administrative workshop of the Nationalist Government in 1933 when the new trend was appeared as the unified system improvement. They decided to unify the format of official records, to use marker and section, to unify the registration of receipt records and dispatch records and to strengthen the examination of records treatment. But, the method of records treatment was not unified yet, so the key point of records administrative reform was to establish a unified and standard record management system for preventing repetition by simplifying the treatment procedure and for intensive treatment by exclusive organizations. From the foundation of the Republic of China to 1930s, there was not big change in the field of archives administration, and archives management methods were prescribed differently even in the same section as well as same department. Therefore, the point at issue was to centralize scattered management systems that were performed in each section, to establish unified standard about filing and retention period allowance and to improve searching system through classification and proper number allowance. Especially, the problem was that each number system and classification system bring about different result due to dual operation of record registration and archives registration, and that strict management through mutual contrast, searching and application are impossible. Besides, various problems such as filing tools, arrangement method, preservation facilities & equipment, lending service and use method were raised also. In the process this study for the system improvement of records and archives management, they recognized that records and archives are the identical thing and reached to create a successive management method of records and archives called "Records and Archives Chain Management Method(文書檔案連鎖法)" as a potential alternative. Several principles that records and archives management should be performed unitedly in each organization by the general record recipient section and the general archives section under the principle of task centralization, a consistent classification system should be used by classification method decided in advance according to organizational constitution and work functions and an identical number system should be used in the process of record management stage and archive management stage by using a card-type register were established. Though, this "Records and Archives Chain Management Method" was developed to the stage of test application in several organizations, but it was not adopted as a regular system and discontinued. That was because the administrative reform of the Nationalist Government was discontinued by the outbreak of the Chinese-Japanese War. Even though the administrative reform in the middle of 1930s didn't produce practical results but merely an experimentation, it was verified that the reform against tradition and custom conducted by the Nationalist Government that aimed for the construction of a modern country was not only a field of politics, but on the other hand, the weak basis of the government operation became the obstacle to the realization of the political power of the revolutionary regime. Though the subject of records and archives administrative reform was postponed to the future, it should be understood that the consciousness of modern records and archives administration and overall studies began through this examination of administrative reform.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-90
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• 2007

Could STS throw another-colored light on the Hwang's Affair, the scientific fraud committed by Hwang Woo-Suk and his research team in Korea? And could analytic tools of STS unfold another meanings which have been overlooked in most of the traditionally social-sciences-oriented analyses? In this essay, I try to answer these questions by analyzing the Hwang's Affair in the view of STS, especially by using some concepts of actor-network theory(ANT): movement, translation and displacement. I want to say that the Hwang's Affair seems to be a part of normal scientific activity, not an abnormal phenomenon, and as an evidence, focus on the similarities of their life styles between "pure/real scientist" Louis Pasteur and "impure/political scientist" Hwang Woo-Suk. I try to mobilize some concepts of ANT, especially movement, and find out why scientists came to move toward the opposed direction on the pure/real-impure/political line. I suggest that there exists "laboratory politics" as the key factor in this bifurcation. My tentative conclusion is that Pasteur can take a position to make his great world, so-called the Pasteurian world, owing to the success of "double movement" in which he treated his laboratory as a fulcrum to lift up the world, but Hwang degrades himself to "ugly scientific politician" due to the loss of the momentum of his movement; Hwang treated his laboratory only as the symbolic resources and in turn failed to solidify material entities, his real political resources, even though he knew the importance of laboratory.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.533-538
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• 2015

Collective intelligence is related to several areas such as sociology, business administration, political science, and computer science. This paper can be classified as a product of social engineering of the era of liberal arts and science convergence, fusion, consilience. Members today have higher need for self-actualization and contribution. As the business is changing fast and getting more complicated, a mechanism of natural science is necessary in social organization. The mechanisms of collective intelligence are composed of divergence process and convergence process. And the seven steps were designed that the first letter of each steps leads to 'PROCESS'. When implemented by applying the procedures that reflect the opinions of members throughout this paper, there are members who participated in the decision-making process will contribute to actively participate in the decision when to run, and specific tools and techniques in online communities are for future studies.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.334-340
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• 2019

In order to promote scientification of Korean medicine, two hypothetical scenarios were proposed methodologically. Firstly, the scientification of Korean medicine requires a comprehensive understanding of the process and reality, and new logical procedures and the methods of observation and experiment. Secondly, transformation to revised Korean medicine is to replace traditional Korean medicine with biochemistry-based Western medicine, that is a method of reconstructing the recognition foundation describing symptoms and diseases using anatomical platforms and analytical tools. But there are areas of human training and practice that are not subject to scientification, and there are incommensurable parts as for the methodology between western medicine too. And additionally arbitrary rejection by uniform science with a political reason was done. So these various backgrounds and factors should be considered for the scientification of Korean medicine. And before that, reflection and agreement on the understanding and attitude of the method of scientification within the Korean medical community is necessary.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2014

Objectives South Korea's air quality standards are insufficient in terms of establishing a procedure for their management. The current system lacks a proper decision-making process and prior evidence is not considered. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure for establishing atmospheric environmental standards in South Korea that will take into consideration the health of its residents. Methods In this paper, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the US was examined in order to suggest ways, which consider health effects, to establish air quality standards in South Korea. Up-to-date research on the health effects of air pollution was then reviewed, and tools were proposed to utilize the key results. This was done in an effort to ensure the reliability of the standards with regard to public health. Results This study showed that scientific research on the health effects of air pollution and the methodology used in the research have contributed significantly to establishing air quality standards. However, as the standards are legally binding, the procedure should take into account the effects on other sectors. Realistically speaking, it is impossible to establish standards that protect an entire population from air pollution. Instead, it is necessary to find a balance between what should be done and what can be done. Conclusions Therefore, establishing air quality standards should be done as part of an evidence-based policy that identifies the health effects of air pollution and takes into consideration political, economic, and social contexts.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.81-92
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• 2014

This study discusses the features of the lighting and ventilation regulations for residential buildings in Hong Kong. Given the compact built environment and public concerns about the environmental quality of housing, various lighting and ventilation regulations have been enacted in Hong Kong. The application of building regulations on the micro scale and incentive systems on the macro scale are present, and the governments' calls for more active participation of the private sector and use of the building environmental assessment tools were also noted. Unlike South Korea, however, Hong Kong was found to adopt more performance-based standards, consider the external factors of the lighting and ventilation conditions together with the indoor elements, and provide specific design guidelines. Notwithstanding the different climatic conditions and socio-political contexts of Hong Kong and South Korea, these findings provide some policy implications for the South Korean government in its efforts to achieve a healthy environment for high-rise, high-density housing. It is suggested that the South Korean government adopt more on-site measurement methods to reflect the environmental conditions accurately and broaden the scope and scale of the implementation of the lighting and ventilation regulations with more specific, practical planning and design guidelines.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.193-202
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• 2014

Crimes with explosives is one of the mass-destructive crimes that involves the most victims. It is heavily punished under the Korean laws. Mid-eastern area is one of the leading places that are home to improvised explosive device attacks, in the form of religious or political terrorism because of its convenience of use, production and disguise. Improvised bombs are permeating into domestic crimes in Korea as their tools. Use of explosive substances are strictly restricted in this country, but it is not impossible to find its information online and to create private explosives with a bit of interest. And they are being traded in the grey market. For this reason, this thesis offers the method of an efficient safety control of explosive substances, which can be used as raw materials for improvised explosive devices, in order to protect citizens' lives and properties and to promote national security down the road.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.51-62
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• 2015

Do artifacts function merely as tools? Today tremendous softwares work to assist or guide their users. This paper will apply the theories of Science & Technology Studies(STS) and the agent definition of Floridi & Sanders(2004) to game-bot programmes. Consequently we would see game-bots have had the interactivity, autonomy and adaptability. They are the position of agents even in playing. Further they may be companion relationship in the way that bots and human players compose each other. Then we will be induce to new question, the bots may be political-social. While human actors in computer based rule are the compounds being affected by the artificials, they will be never same to classic human actors.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-98
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• 2005

If Korea Research & Development reinforces integrated control function, indeed would Korea Research & Development's output be increased? Truly, could Korea's competition be ultimately improved with technology innovation and accumulation of knowledge. Can reinforcement of Integrated control that reinforced efficiency of Research & Development's investment effects make Korea Research & Development's investment,itself, be decreased? I try to answer clearly that in a way to reorganize Korea technology Administration's system, introduced Korea Research & Development integrated control system's establishment is what to effect Korea innovation system's direction after answering clearly previous mentioned problems. In this study, to answer these problems view theoretical discussion about Korea innovation system, integrated control system and system dynamics. Set up analytic tools of system dynamics which includes Korea innovation system and integrated control system. Then, draw a general casual loop diagram, which includes established Korea Research & Development's integrated control system, of Korea innovation system's activity. In based these, develop situation model to analyze trend of Korea innovation system and derive a political meaning by analyzing value of Korea innovation system's major inflow, outflow and stock variations according to extent of Korea Research & Development's integrated control in the same model.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.83-107
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• 1996

The concern of external environment is growing up in the field of channel distribution. In the former channel distribution, the channel distribution environment is little bit unmoveable owing to a powerful manufacture control against poor distributor. Therefore intra-efficiency is channel member's core interest. The structure of channel governance, however, come to be changable because of the mature distributor power against manufacturer such as a Price Break, JIT of channel governance, and a serial of change. Accordingly, it is acceptable that the interest of external-environment of channel members' is more and more enlarged, and external-environment change in the channel distribution make the serious problems in intraorganizational system. Thus, it is meaningful that this study try to discover the consumer power as external environment factor and to find the best strategy to overcome this consumer power. Resource dependence theory, Transaction cost theory, Political Economic Approach, and Working partnership Approach are the theory foundation of the reasearch. Apparel franchise is a sample to analyse the hypothesis and correlation and multi-regression are a chief tools to estimate the hypothesis. Thus, the above results imply that a flexible governance is appropriate to consumer power, conflict is not intervening value between consumer power and channel governance, and the channel member's satisfaction can be confirmed in the flexible governance better than control governance.