• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2007

Purpose: To investigate the health status such as growth, nutrition, disease, vaccination in child day care centers. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 280 children at 6 day care centers in Seoul. Parent completed a structured questionnaire and illness-logs from day-care staff were gathered for a month, June 2006. Body weight, height were measured and BMI was calculated. Results: Failure of growth was found in 2.2% of the children. Also there was 5.4% of the children who were under 5% and 8.6% were above 95% on BMI chart. For 4.3% of the children diseases were asthma, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis and so on. About six percent of the children missed vaccination such as Japanese encephalitis, DTaP and polio. Incidence rates of respiratory infection was 1.45 and gastroenteritis was .28. As a result, 22.5 % of the day care children had these kinds of health rick factors stated above and results showed statistical difference between health-groups and health-risk groups in age, duration of day care center, family structure, marital status of parent. Conclusion: A considerable number of the children at child daycare centers had the health risk factors. These results shows there is a need to develop and make provisions for health service programs by health experts in child day care centers.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

The crude ethanol extract of B. repanda showed the cytotoxic activity against Polio virus (25% activity at $150{\mu}g$/disk) and the minor cytotoxic activity against BSC cells (African green monkey kidney). However, the crude ethanol extract of B. repanda was non-toxic to murine leukaemia cells CCL 46 P388D1 ($IC_{50}$, > 62,500 ng/ml). Cytotoxic and antifungal activities were strongly shown by Fr. 64-3 which was eluted with 90% $CH_3CN/H_2O$, 100% $CH_3CN$, and 50% $CH_3CN/H_2O$(SM 2 at $150{\mu}g$/disk). The fraction 64-3 also showed the most cytotoxic activity against murine leukaemia cells (128 mg, $IC_{50}$ 10,051 ng/ml at $75{\mu}g$/disk). These results suggest that this fraction has a potent antifungal activity against the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 28185.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.213-222
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• 2004

Objectives : To investigate contributing degree of other factors except pelvic tilting to F.L.L.D by analizing with Gonstead technique on the correlation between femur head height discrepancy on the standing pelvic AP view and F.L.L.D caused by pelvic tilting. Method : We analysed standing pelvis AP X-ray of 70 patients who had visited at the department acupunture and moxibustion in Conmaul oriental medical hospital, during May, 1st, 2004 - July, 30th, 2004, with low back pain or lower extremity pain. We excluded the person with any past history of polio, genetic defect, malunited fracture, growth plate injury, infection and overgrowth attributable to hemangioma, or arteriovenous fistula. Results & Conclusion : The functional leg length discrepancy caused by pelvic tilting and femur head height difference had no statistical difference(p=0.132) but poorly correlated(Pearson ${\nu}=0.05$). In the 94.28% of subjects, the femur head height difference wasn't in accord with F.L.L.D. caused by pelvic tilting. In 47.14% of subjects were expected to have over $3^{mm}$ of leg length discrepancy after pelvic adjustment. The mean of measurement difference between two methods was $3.76{\pm}3.12^{mm}$ and the range was $0{\sim}11.4^{mm}$. Consequently, we must consider not only functional leg length discrepancy caused by pelvic tilting but also anatomical leg length discrepancy, misalignment of ankle, knee or hip joint etc.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.353-368
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to identify the relationships Total Quality Management (TQM) performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among dietitians in business and industry foodservice. A total of 300 dietitians working in business and industry foodservices in Seoul and Gyeonggi province were surveyed using a self-administrated questionnaire and 203 responses were obtained. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (Ver. 12.0) for descriptive analysis and reliability analysis, and AMOS (Ver. 5.0) for structural equation modeling. The respondents were all female, 56.7% single, and 71.4% under regular employment. By foodservice management type, 52.7% of the foodservice operations were self-operated. The majority of the operations provided meals more than twice a day (73.9%), and 70.4% offered a non-selective menu. The dietitians of the contracted foodservices tended to have higher TQM performance scores than those of the self-operated foodservices (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in job satisfaction and organizational commitment scores by the type of the foodservice management. TQM performance was found to have a positive effect on job satisfaction, and job satisfaction affected organizational commitment for both the self-operated and contracted foodservices. A relationship between TQM performance level and organizational commitment of self-operated foodservices was not found. On the other hand, TQM performance level was the principal significant factor for increasing the organizational commitment of contracted foodservices. This research suggests that business and industry foodservices need to improve TQM performance to enhance job satisfaction and organizational commitment of foodservice dietitians and to develop specified TQM strategies that can be applied to each type of foodservice management.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2003

The Joseon had made maps of Japan with information that gained during the exchanges with Japan on the basis of the polio of maintaining amicable relations. The elaborate map of Japan similar to Haenggido was in Honilgangniyokdaekukdojido(Map of integrated lands and regions of historical countries and capitals, made in 1402, and more accurate map of Japan was found in Haedongjegukgi(Chronicle of the countries of the Eastern Sea, compiled by Sinsukju in 1471. These products were due to openness of foreign exchanges in 15th century. After 16th century, understanding of Japan based on China-centric view was intensified, as the confucianism of Chu-tzu planted its roots deeply in Joseon society as the social doctrine. These tendency were reflected in the map-making, accordingly many kinds of maps of Japan in the atlas were meager in contents and distorted in shorelines. Apart these currents, as comings and goings of official envoy became brisk, elaborated maps of Japan were imported and copied in the Joseon dynasty. Consequently these maps helped the elites of Joseon to raise understanding of Japan.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2023

Purpose: The delay in acceptance or refusal to get vaccinated despite the availability of services is called vaccine hesitancy. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Pakistan faced consistent barriers preventing the eradication of the disease in the country. Similarly with the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic mass vaccination drives were initiated to a vaccine hesitant population. The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during July to September 2021 using a snowball sampling technique targeting the adult population of Pakistan. The modified version of the vaccine hesitancy questionnaire related to the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Vaccine Hesitancy matrix was distributed online. Results: Out of 973 participants, 52.4% were immediately willing to take the vaccine and constituted the acceptance group whereas the remaining 47.6% who were still not sure formed the hesitant group. Support from leaders was found to be statistically significant for the difference between the hesitant and acceptance groups (p-value=0.027). Hesitant people were concerned about the effectiveness of the vaccine (60.9%) and potential side effects (57.9%) as it was not sufficiently tested prior to launch (44.7%). Age and education were significant factors affecting the acceptance of vaccination. The most trusted source of information regarding vaccination was health care workers (43.8%). Conclusion: A moderately high prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was reported in Pakistan. To overcome it, policymakers need to address the reasons for it. Leaders, celebrities, and healthcare workers can play an instrumental role in dispelling conspiracy theories regarding vaccines and making the vaccination drive a success.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.22
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed as a pandemic, and it created an outrageous effect on the current healthcare and economic system throughout the globe. To date, there is no appropriate therapeutics or vaccines against the disease. The entire human race is eagerly waiting for the development of new therapeutics or vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Efforts are being taken to develop vaccines at a rapid rate for fighting against the ongoing pandemic situation. Amongst the various vaccines under consideration, some are either in the preclinical stage or in the clinical stages of development (phase-I, -II, and -III). Even, phase-III trials are being conducted for some repurposed vaccines like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, polio vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella. We have highlighted the ongoing clinical trial landscape of the COVID-19 as well as repurposed vaccines. An insight into the current status of the available antigenic epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 and different types of vaccine platforms of COVID-19 vaccines has been discussed. These vaccines are highlighted throughout the world by different news agencies. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials for repurposed vaccines for COVID-19 and critical factors associated with the development of COVID-19 vaccines have also been described.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 1996

Aseptic meningits, an acute inflammation of the meninges, is a common illness during childhood. Virus is the most important cause of aseptic meningitis. Especially enterovirus causes approximately above 85% of all cases of aseptic meningitis. In 1993, there was a big epidemic of aseptic meningitis by ECHO 9 and ECHO 30 viruses. And ECHO 3 virus was isolated as a causative agent of aseptic meningitis in 1994. This study was aimed to detect the causative agent of aseptic meningitis in 1995 and to analyze the 5'-noncoding region which was used to detect virus. Virus was isolated from 87 stools and cerebrospinal fluid specimens of the patients by cultured RD and HEp-2 cell. Neutralizing antibody tests using enterovirus serum pool were performed on the specimens with cytopathic effect. 3 of ECHO 7 viruses and 5 of Coxsackie B3 viruses were isolated from stool specimens and 1 of ECHO 7 and Coxsackie B3 mixed type was confirmed from cerebrospinal fluid specimens. RNA was isolated from the culture supernatants of infected cells and general primers were selected in highly conserved part of the 5'-noncoding region of the enteroviral genome for RT-PCR. PCR product from this virus showed a 152bp band on gel electrophoresis. Sequence of obtained DNA was compared with prototype sequences by accessing to the Genebank database. 5'-noncoding region of isolated Coxsackie B3 virus, which has point mutations in nucleotide sequence positions 493, 497, 502, 523, was closely related to that of polio virus type 1, Mahoney strain. In case of isolated ECHO 7 virus, nucleotide has been changed from cytosine to thymine at position 581 and from thymine to cytosine at position 583. We concluded the causative agents of the outbreak of aseptic meningitis during June to July in 1995 were both ECHO 7 and Coxsackie B3 virus, and the primer used in this study could allow a rapid diagnosis of enteroviruses by PCR.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 2003

The biological effects of the crude extracts from medicinal plants, Brachyglottis monroi and Trichocolea hatcheri were investigated. The crude ethanol extract inhibited the growth of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 19659, 1 mm inhibition zone at $150{\mu}g/disc$) and the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 28185, 6 mm inhibition zone at $150{\mu}g/disc$), and was toxic to P388 murine leukaemia cells ($IC_{50}$ $23.96{\mu}g/mL$ at $75{\mu}g/disc$). B. monroi ethanol extract showed stronger antiviral activity than that of T. hatcheri against Herpes simplex Type I virus (ATCC VR 733) and Polio Type I virus (Pfizer vaccine strain) (50% activity, @ 5 mg/ml at $150{\mu}g/disc$). The crude ethanol extract of T. hatcheri showed stronger antimicrobial activity than that of B. monroi. However, this extract was inactive against P388 murine leukaemia cells.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.280-291
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• 2011

Vaccines are products for immunization which can provoke antibodies by eliciting immune reponses without causing disease and have played an important role in preventing fatal and contagious diseases as well as H1N1 influenza. They are classified by two following categories; lived attenuated vaccine and killed vaccine and currently commonly using vaccines are BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, mumps, measles, rubella, polio, Haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis B, influenza etc. All vaccines must be used correctly to reach optimal therapeutic goals and also informed well to patients to decrease potential problems. In order to do, pharmacists must have good knowledge of vaccines. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the necessity of vaccine education for pharmacists and develop a vaccine leaflet for patient counseling. We have performed a survey with questionnaire for a total of 176 pharmacists and nurses(hospital pharmacists, n=65; community pharmacists, n=50; hospital nurses, n=61) from January 27th to March 12th, 2010. The questionnaire includes items about vaccine education and counseling and 12 quizzes to evaluate responders' knowledge of vaccines. We used the SPSS(Version 12. for windows) program to analyze the data. In results, 94.9% of all responders said they had not been educated on vaccines. And only 1.1% of all responders said they know about vaccines enough to counsel patients. Pharmacists who have an experience recommending vaccines to other people are 21.7%. On the other hand, nurses who have an experience recommending vaccines to other people are 55.7%(p=0.000). The mean number of correct answers at the 12 quizzes are followings; hospital pharmacist, 8.1; community pharmacist, 6.1, hospital nurses, 6.2(p=0.000). A vaccine leaflet for patient counseling is developed with several references. In conclusion, due to no opportunity of vaccine education, pharmacists have no confidence to counsel patients and lack of knowledge of vaccine. But importance of vaccine's role is increasing, pharmacists should counsel patients in vaccination. So they need vaccine education and a vaccine leaflet will be helpful for their counseling.