• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.620-629
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• 2014

Keloid scars are often considered aesthetically unattractive and frustrating problems that occur following injuries. They cause functional and cosmetic deformities, displeasure, itching, pain, and psychological stress and possibly affect joint movement. The combination of these factors ultimately results in a compromised quality of life and diminished functional performance. Various methods have been implemented to improve keloid scars using both surgical and non-surgical approaches. However, it has proven to be a challenge to identify a universal treatment that can deliver optimal results for all types of scars. Through a PubMed search, we explored most of the literature that is available about the intralesional injection treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids and highlights both current (corticosteroid, 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, interferon, cryotherapy and verapamil) and future treatments (interleukin-10 and botulinum toxin type A). The reference lists of retrieved articles were also analysed. Information was gathered about the mechanism of each injection treatment, its benefits and associated adverse reactions, and possible strategies to address adverse reactions to provide reliable guidelines for determining the optimal treatment for particular types of keloid scars. This article will benefit practitioners by outlining evidence-based treatment strategies using intralesional injections for patients with hypertrophic scars and keloids.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-142
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• 2012

Purpose: To reconstruct the midface, local flaps such as nasolabial flaps have been frequently used. These local flaps, however, have the shortcomings of requiring a secondary operation or limitations in the movement of the flap. Thus, new methods have been developed. This paper reports a case wherein the basal cell carcinoma on the cheek was resected and the skin and soft tissue defect was successfully treated using a facial artery perforator flap. Methods: A 68-year-old female consulted the authors on the basal cell carcinoma that developed on her cheek. The mass was fully resected and revealed a $2.3{\times}2.3cm$ defective region. Using a Doppler ultrasonography, the facial artery path was traced, and using a loupe magnification, the facial artery perforator flap was elevated and the defective region was covered with the flap. Results: The flap developed early venous congestion, but it disappeared without any treatment. Six months after the surgery, the patient was satisfied with the postoperative result. Conclusion: The facial artery perforator flap has a thin pedicle. It offers a big arc of the rotation that allows free movement and one-stage operation. These strengths make the method useful for the reconstruction of the midface among other procedures.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2000

Microstructural processes during high cycle fatigue are investigated according to plastic-strain hardening, crack formation, crack propagation and fracture. It is shown that the fatigue test resembles the uniaxial tensile test. The logarithm of the number of cycles to failure is proportional to the elongation in the tensile test. Under high cycle fatigue test, the strain is normally elastic. If the strain is absolutly elastic, fatigue could not result. But this is over simplication. Nearly all metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stress. Damage accumulation leadling to crack formation can continue in the persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. In the ten­s sile test the overall specimen follows the failure procedure whilst in the high cycle fatigue test the local persistent slip band follows the failure procedure. However accumulations of strain per unit volume in the deforming region before failure in both cases are equal locally.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2012

Purpose: In accordance to an increased interest in facial appearance and the popularization of computed tomography scanning, the number of diagnosis and treatment of blowout fractures has been increased. The purpose of this article is to review pure blowout fracture surgery through transconjunctival incision focusing on complications and their management. Methods: In this retrospective study, 583 patients, who had been treated for pure blowout fracture through transconjunctival incision from 2000 to 2009, were evaluated. Their hospital records were reviewed according to their sex, age, fracture site, preoperative presentations, time interval between trauma and surgery, and postoperative complications. Results: According to postoperative follow-up results, there were early complications that included wound dehiscence and infection (0.2%), hematoma (insomuch as extraocular movement is limited) (0.7%), lacriminal duct injury (0.5%), and periorbital nerve injury (0.7%). In addition, there were late complications that lasted more than 6 months, that included persistent diplopia (1.7%), extraocular movement limitation (0.9%), enophthalmos (1.0%), periorbital sensation abnormalities (1.0%), and entropion (0.5%). Conclusion: We propose the following guidelines for prevention of postoperative complications: layer by layer closure; bleeding control with the epinephrine gauzes, Tachocomb, and Tisseel; conjunctival incision 2 to 3 mm away from punctum; avoidance of excessive traction; performing surgical decompression and high dose corticosteroid therapy upon confirmation of nerve injury; atraumatic dissection and insertion of Medpor Barrier implant after securing a clear view of posterior ledge; using Medpor block stacking technique and BioSorb FX screw fixation; performing a complete resection of the anterior ethmoidal nerve during medial wall dissection; and making an incision 2 to 3 mm below the tarsal plate.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2024

Micro-plastics are synthetic high-differentiation chemicals of less than 5mm in size, and are deposited not only on the sea surface but also on the coast. If these micro-plastics are not properly separated from the sand, they can threaten marine ecosystems. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to apply cyclone separator to the micro-plastic retrieval in order to predict the movement of particles according to the formation of the cyclone separator by applying the centrifugal force of the particle in accordance with the rotational movement of the air. The cyclone separator has three shapes, the first one is a typical interconnected cyclone separator. The second is the horn form, except for the cylinder in a regular cyclone separator, and the third is a form that increases the horn's height twice in the second. The numerical analysis simulation of the Cyclone separator used the Fluent software package. The output speed of the Cyclone separator was 5 to 13m/s at 1m/s intervals. The simulated particles include sand, Styrofoam, PET, PP, and PU. Sand particles are assigned a fixed diameter of 2mm, while other particles have a diameter of 3mm. As a result of the analysis, the first form was not separated from plastic. The Styrofoam separation efficiency in the second showed its highest efficiency at 72.7% at 7m/s, and the efficiency decreased after 12m/s as the sand particles were mixed into the plastic attachment location. In the third form, the separation efficiency of Styrofoam at 12m/s was highest at 67.9%.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 2013

The philtrum plays a key role in the appearance of the upper lip and nostril sill. Therefore, construction of the philtrum is crucial for attaining a natural appearance of the upper lip. We used a flipping myoplasty of the orbicularis oris muscle on a patient with a flat philtrum in order to effectively reconstruct the philtral dimple and column. A 35-year-old female presented to our department with the complaint of a flat upper lip. A superficial layer of the orbicularis oris muscle on the median aspect of the upper lip was vertically incised and elevated to a thickness of 2 mm. Both sides of the elevated muscle flap were then folded to the lateral sides so that the border could be sutured onto the outer portion of the orbicularis oris muscle. The patient was observed for one year postoperatively. Her philtrum deepened by 1.25 mm, with the central angle of her Cupid's bow improving from a preoperative measurement of $146^{\circ}$ to $128^{\circ}$ postoperatively. In a patient with an indistinct philtrum, a flipping orbicularis oris myoplasty was performed to attain a definite philtral column and a philtral dimple. Natural upper lip movement was maintained, and an aesthetically and functionally satisfactory reconstruction was achieved.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2017

Defects involving specialised areas with characteristic anatomical features, such as the nipple, upper eyelid, and lip, benefit greatly from the use of sharing procedures. The vulva, a complex 3-dimensional structure, can also be reconstructed through a sharing procedure drawing upon the contralateral vulva. In this report, we present the interesting case of a patient with chronic, massive, localised lymphedema of her left labia majora that was resected in 2011. Five years later, she presented with squamous cell carcinoma over the left vulva region, which is rarely associated with chronic lymphedema. To the best of our knowledge, our management of the radical vulvectomy defect with a labia majora sharing procedure is novel and has not been previously described. The labia major flap presented in this report is a shared flap; that is, a transposition flap based on the dorsal clitoral artery, which has consistent vascular anatomy, making this flap durable and reliable. This procedure epitomises the principle of replacing like with like, does not interfere with leg movement or patient positioning, has minimal donor site morbidity, and preserves other locoregional flap options for future reconstruction. One limitation is the need for a lax contralateral vulva. This labia majora sharing procedure is a viable option in carefully selected patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.319-329
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• 2000

Prediction of the soft tissue changes following hard tissue movement is very important from the esthetic view point for patients who have orthognathic surgery. There are many cephalometric analysis of facial bone and soft tissue on the lower lip and chin region but few soft tissue analysis on the midface after mandibular setback surgery. This study was performed to obtain whether the mandibular posterior movement has influence on the midface and the predictable ratio of post-operative measurement values of the soft tissue changes following mandibular setback surgery. Fifteen patients (8 males and 7 females) who had undergone mandibular setback surgery were selected and analyzed the soft tissue movement on the upper lip and the cheek region. Post-operative changes of the soft tissue measurements after mandibular surgery were examined on pre- and post-operative cephalometrics and the ratio of changes were analyzed after drawing the reference line on the face with the barium sulfate solution. The reference lines were perpendicular to the intercanthal line from infraorbital foramen and lateral canthus. The results obtained were as follows : 1. There were tendancy of anterior movement of soft tissue adjacent the nose after mandibular surgery 2. There were incerased tendancy of the amount of anterior movement from the nasal crease to the cheek region. 3. The amount of anterior movement of the soft tissue was larger below the palatal plane compared with above the palatal plane in the cheek region. 4. The upper lip length was increased and moved posterior direction after mandibular setback surgery 5. The lower lip was moved posterior direction by posterior movement of the mandibular structure 6. Soft tissue of the midface around the nose moved anterior direction after mandibular setback surgery but there was no correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and the amount of the soft tissue changes

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2001

In lateral ground flow, slope stability, and land slide problems, H-piles have been often used for a horizontally deforming ground to prevent the failure of mass of soil in a downward and outward movement of a slope. Here, Theoretical equations are derived to estimate the lateral force, assuming that the Mohr-coulomb's Plastic states occures in the ground just around H-piles. In this study, the mechanism of lateral force acting on passive pile that is in a row, situated in the ground undergoing plastic deformation was discussed, and its theoretical analysis was carried out considering the interval between H-piles. The solution of the theoretical equation derived from here showed resonable characteristic for constants of soil as well as for the interval, widths, and heights of H-pile.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.491-500
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• 2015

Under seismic loading, underground station structures behave differently from above ground structures. Underground structures do not require designated energy dissipation system for seismic loads. These structures are traditionally designed with shear or racking deformation capacity to accommodate the movement of the soil caused by shear waves. The free-field shear deformation method may not be suitable for the design of shallowly buried station structures with complex structural configurations. Alternatively, a station structure can develop rocking mechanisms either as a whole rigid body or as a portion of the structure with plastic hinges. With a rocking mechanism, station structures can be tilted to accommodate lateral shear deformation from the soil. If required, plastic hinges can be implemented to develop rocking mechanism. Generally, rocking structures do not expect significant seismic loads from surrounding soils, although the mechanism may result in significant internal forces and localized soil bearing pressures. This method may produce a reliable and robust design of station structures.