• 운동영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate changes in plasma lipid concentrations and appetite-regulating hormone levels after a 4% body fat reduction using a 9-week intervention involving aerobic exercise, a fat-oxidizing agent, and diet limitation. After the 9-week intervention, the aerobic exercise plus hydroxycitric acid (EX+HCA), exercise (EX), and diet limitation (DIET) groups achieved the target 4% body fat reduction from the baseline value. None of the plasma lipid indicators showed significant intergroup differences, indicating that plasma lipid levels are not influenced by body weight regulation. With regard to appetite-regulating hormones, no significant intergroup differences were observed in glucose, insulin, or glucagon-like peptide-1 levels, unlike ghrelin and leptin. Ghrelin levels in particular tended to decrease in the DIET group and increase in the HCA+EX and EX groups. Leptin levels significantly decreased in the HCA+EX and EX groups, whereas no differences were observed in the DIET group. Such results indicate that exercise alone without the administration of obesity diet supplements induces elevation in ghrelin levels and reduction in leptin levels, but that diet restriction alone does not influence changes in leptin levels. Taken together, we could not confirm any synergic effects arising from the use of a fat-oxidizing agent during an exercise program to control body weight. Furthermore, diet limitation unsupported by exercise had no effect on muscle mass reduction or appetite-regulating hormone levels; thus, it is not recommended as an effective body weight control method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1462-1468
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• 2010

The effects of vitamin C and vitamin E with selenium on acid-base balance and some stress hormones were evaluated during heat stress in goats. Goats, 1.5 years of age, were divided into control, heat stress and antioxidant treatment groups 1, 2 and 3. Except for the control, all groups were exposed to a temperature of $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with a relative humidity of 30% for 5 h/d for 21 days in a psychrometric chamber. Rectal temperature and respiratory rates were recorded daily post exposure. Blood samples were collected on every 3rd day for estimation of plasma vitamins C and E, total antioxidant activity and hormones, and separate blood samples were taken to estimate acid-base status. The rectal temperature and respiratory rates were increased (p<0.05) in the heat stress group only. Except for pH and $pO_2$, which were increased significantly (p<0.05) other parameters of acid-base balance such as $pCO_2$, $HCO_3^-$, $TCO_2$, BEb, BEcef, PCV and Hb were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the heat stress group. An improvement in acid-base status was noted in the antioxidant supplemented groups. Prolactin and cortisol levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher and free T3 and T4 levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the heat stress group. Levels of prolactin and cortisol were decreased and free T3 and T4 were increased in antioxidant treatment groups. Different levels of antioxidant supplementation resulted in similar protection against heat stress.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

많은 질병들과 기존에 존재하는 신체적인 질병들은 스트레스로 인해 발병되거나 크고 작은 스트레스의 영향으로 악화된다. 스트레스의 연구에 호르몬을 사용하는 기본은 신체의 대부분 시스템이 스트레스를 받는 동안 변화를 보인다는 것과 이러한 변화에 호르몬이 스트레스와 확실하게 연관되어 있다는 것을 관찰하는 것이다. 개념적으로 스트레스에 있어서 교감신경계와 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신축의 활성화가 중심적인 역할을 한다는 것이 호르몬의 변화를 측정해야 할 충분한 근거를 제공한다. 에피네프린과 노르에피네프린과 같은 카테콜라민, 코티졸, 테스토스테론 그리고 성장호르몬 등은 스트레스에 예민한 반응을 보인다. 한편 스트레스 연구를 위한 타액표본은 혈액이나 요의 표본과는 달리 스트레스를 주지 않고도 표본을 얻을 수 있으며 신체적인 구속이나 윤리적인 문제 등을 염려하지 않고도 채취가 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 타액내의 호르몬의 수치는 혈액내의 호르몬 수치를 잘 반영하므로 스트레스와 관련된 구강안면통증의 연구에 있어서 타액내의 스트레스 호르몬에 활용도는 매우 높으리라고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.845-852
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to determine whether galanin affects the mean plasma concentrations of metabolic parameters such as thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucagon, glucose, fatty acid and urea in goats fed diets differing in energy content. Sixteen goats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were fed 100% and animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed 50% energy content in the diet for 20 days. After 20 days, animals in groups 1 and 3 received a daily infusion of $1{\mu}g$ galanin and groups 2 and 4 received a daily infusion of $2{\mu}g$ galanin into their third ventricle for 5 days. Blood samples were collected daily from the jugular vein before infusion on day 4 until 4 days after the last infusion of galanin. Samples were assayed for plasma T3, T4, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations by double-antibody RIA. Glucose, fatty acid and urea concentrations were also measured. Lower dietary energy intake and infusions of 1 and $2{\mu}g$ galanin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the mean plasma concentrations of T3, T4, insulin and glucose and significantly (p<0.01) increased the mean plasma concentrations of GH, glucagon, fatty acid and urea of the animals in groups 3 and 4. Different dosages of the galanin infusions did not change the plasma concentrations of the metabolic parameters in the animals fed a normal dietary energy content. The results of this experiment indicated that galanin may negatively affect T3, T4, insulin and glucose and increase GH, glucagon, fatty acid and urea in goats with negative energy balance, but not in those with positive energy balance.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.614-620
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• 2002

본 연구는 3년생 양식 가두리산 어미를 실내 수조로 옮긴 뒤 연중 생식소와 호르몬의 주년 변화를 파악하기 2년 동안 매달 샘플을 실시하였다. 형태학적 내분비학적 분석 결과 수컷은 암컷에 비해 앞서 성숙이 진행되고, 산란은 1월말에서 3월 사이에 이루어졌다. 산란기 이후 다음해 1월까지 모든 암컷은 난황형성 이전 단계에 머물러 있었고, 수컷 중 일부는 정자형성 활성을 다시 나타내기 시작했다. 10월에 접어들면서 일조량의 감소와 함께 성장 중인 난모세포에서 cortical alveoli이 나타나기 시작하고, 정자 형성이 점차 늘어났다. 10월과 2월 사이 암컷은 vitellogenesis, 수컷은 spermatogenesis가 일어나며, 난소 성숙지수는 암컷이 4.3$\~$$24.1\%$, 수컷은 $6\%$ 이상으로 증가하였다. 그리고 산란력 평가를 통해 농어는 다른 해산어류와 유사한 산란 전략을 지니고 있었으며, 다회산란의 특성을 지니고 있었다. 또한 농어의 생식기 과정동안에 이루어진 성호르몬인 testosterone (T)과 estradiol-17$\beta(E_{2})$ 의 분석 결과 생식기 발달에 따른 농도의 변화가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 11월에서부터 2월까지 높은 혈중 T와 $E_{2}$의 농도는 이 시기 수컷의 정자형성과 난소의 성숙란 형성에 있어 이들 호르몬의 관련성이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로 양식산 농어의 생식기능은 실내 수조에서 발현이 되며, 따라서 인공종묘생산에 필요한 수정란 생산이 실내 수조에서 가능하다고 할 수 있다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2007

The present study demonstrates the changes in body weight (BW) and plasma sex steroid hormone profiles during artificial maturation induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or salmon pituitary extract (SPE) injections in cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, kept in seawater for 3 months. In the weekly SPE-injected female group, BW was relatively stable during vitellogenesis. Following induction of vitellogenesis, females exhibited a rapid increase of BW, and the oocytes were observed to be in the migratory nucleus stage at the end of the experiment. Plasma testosterone (T) and $estradiol-17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) levels increased slightly during vitellogenesis and peaked at an average of 5.82 ng/mL and 4.76 ng/mL, respectively, at the end of the experiment. In the weekly control and HCG-injected female groups, BW slowly decreased during the experimental period, and the oocytes of the two groups were observed to be at the primary yolk globule stage. In the weekly HCG-injected female group, plasma T and $E_2$ levels increased slightly during vitellogenesis and decreased afterward. In the control female group, however, plasma T and $E_2$ levels were not altered during the experimental period. Furthermore, plasma $17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$ (DHP) was not detected in all experimental groups. Fertility and hatching rates of SPE-injected females were significantly higher in those that ovulated 15 h after DHP injection than 18 h. These results indicate that long rearing in seawater increases responsiveness to SPE in ovarian maturation of the Japanese eel, resulting in shortened period from completion of vitellogenesis by sex steroid hormone production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2010

A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the results of studies which have described the profiles of hormones during the oestrous cycle in buffalo using a fixed effect model and a random effect model. Plasma progesterone concentrations were lowest (0.30${\pm}$0.06 ng/ml) during the peri-oestrous phase and increased (p = 0.067) through the early luteal phase to a maximum concentration (1.94${\pm}$0.03 ng/ml) during the mid-luteal phase. Circulating plasma inhibin and estradiol concentrations were lowest (0.31${\pm}$0.01 and 11.04${\pm}$0.13 ng/ml) during the mid-luteal phase, increased through the late luteal phase to maximum concentrations (0.44${\pm}$0.02 and 22.48${\pm}$0.32 ng/ml) during the peri-oestrous phase. Plasma FSH concentrations were lowest during the early luteal phase and increased through the mid-luteal phase to a maximum concentration during the peri-oestrous phase. Peripheral prolactin concentrations were lowest during the late luteal phase and increased to a maximum concentration during the peri-oestrous phase which then declined (p = 0.716) during the early luteal phase. Peripheral plasma cortisol concentrations decreased from 2.68${\pm}$0.14 ng/ml during the early luteal phase to 1.43${\pm}$0.27 ng/ml during the mid-luteal phase (p<0.001) which then increased to 2.06${\pm}$0.17 ng/ml during the late luteal phase. Plasma $T_{5}$ concentrations decreased from the late luteal phase to the peri-oestrous phase (p<0.001) which then increased during the early luteal phase. $T_{4}$ concentrations increased from the late luteal phase to the peri-oestrous phase which then decreased during the early luteal phase.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2009

We conducted two studies to determine the effect of gender, gonadectomy (GDX) on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs. In experiment 1, five sham-operated and five GDX female Landrace pigs (26kg) were allowed to have free access to water and feed up to market weight (approximately 100kg). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly, and daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) were calculated during the feeding period. In experiment 2, 10 male (26kg) and 10 female (26kg) Landrace pigs were used; five male and five female pigs were assigned to sham-operated or GDX. Pigs were allowed to have free access to water and a diet without added cholesterol (Table 1) until they were 6 months old (male 104 and female 98kg) and thereafter they were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (Table 1) containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate for 10 days. GDX of female pigs increased average daily gain (P<0.05), compared with their sham-operated counterparts during the growing-finishing period, but had no effect (P>0.05) on feed efficiency. Plasma cholesterol levels in pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 days were much higher (P<0.05) in females than in males (161 vs 104mg/100mL plasma), and were increased by GDX only in male pigs. HDL-cholesterol/LDL+VLDL-cholesterol ratio appeared to be higher in males than in females, and was not influenced by GDX in either sex. Results suggested that the lower growth rate of female pigs than their male counterparts is attributable to the ovarian activity, and the lower plasma cholesterol level in male than in female pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is due to the testicular activity.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

수온과 광주기 조절에 따른 볼락, Sebastes inermis의 혈장내 성steroid hormone 변화를 조사하였다. 월별 GSI의 변화에서 암컷은 대조구의 경우 11월부터 증가하기 시작하여 1월에 최고값이 되었다. 수온과 광주기를 조절한 실험구중 조절에 반응한 개체들 (Tr-r)에서는 대조구 보다 1개월 늦은 2월에 최고값을 나타내었다 그러나 수온과 광주기의 조절에 반응하지 않은 개체들 (Tr-n)은 GSI의 발달이 중단되어 전 실험기간동안 1.2 이하의 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 수컷의 월별 GSI 변화는 대조구와 조절구 사이에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 암컷에서 혈장 E2와 T의 변화는 GSI의 변화와 같이 수온과 광주기를 조절한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 2개월 늦게 최고값에 도달하였다. GSI의 월별 변화에서 차이가 없었던 수컷에서 혈장 11-KT와 T의 월별 변화도 대조구와 조절구에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수온과 광주기를 자연상태보다 2개월 늦추어 사육한 결과, 자연상태의 대조구에 비해 암컷의 성숙이 지연되었다. 이것은 수온과 광주기의 자극이 시상하부-뇌하수체-생식소 축을 따라 전달되면서 성 steroid의 분비가 영향을 미쳤기 때문에 난소의 성숙이 지연되었다고 생각된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 1967

The effects of X-ray irradiation and the thyroid gland on the erythropoietic system were studied in the white male rabbits. The total body irradiation was done in doses of 250 r and 500 r to each of 5 rabbits for 10days. The factors were 220KV, 10mA, FLI/4 Cu+1 mmAI(HVL:2.0 mm Cu) 50 cm F.S.D. The thyroid dysfunction was experimentally induced, by giving 2mg of thyroid tablets per kg body weight for 15 days in 5 rabbits for hyperthyroidism and by giving 1.5 mC of $^{131}I$ per kg body weight in another 5 rabbits for hypothyroidism. Fourteen healthy rabbits were used as control. The hematologic changes and ferrokinetic data obtained from $^{59}Fe$ and apparent half survival of the red blood cells obtained from $^{51}Cr$ were compared. Following were the results: A. X-ray irradiated group; 1. There were no significant changes in hematologic findings except for leucopenia. A slight decrease of red blood cells was observed in 500 r irradiated animals. 2. The decreases in the iron turnover rates of the plasma and red blood cells as well as in the red cell renewal rate were found in both groups. A :significant decrease of the red cell iron utilization rate was observed in the 500 r irradiated animals. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were slightly, in the 250 r ($12.1{\pm}0.80$ days), and markedly shortened in the 500 r irradiated animals ($9.8{\pm}1.38$ days), the normal being $14.0{\pm}1.6$ days. 4. It appears, therefore, that the anemia caused by X-ray irradiation is due to the inhibition of hemopoietic function and the excess destruction of the red blood cells. B. Thyroid dysfunction group; 1. The slight increases of the red blood cell count and circulating blood volume with the normal serum iron level were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the decreases of the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values with a marked decrease of the serum iron level in the hypothyroid group. 2. A marked decrease of the plasma iron disappearance rate with increases of plasma iron turnover, red cell iron utilization and red cell iron turnover were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the marked delay and decreases in the hypothyroid group. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were almost the same with the control in the hyperthyroid group, ($14.0{\pm}1.58$ while a marked shortening in the hypothyroid group $10.6{\pm}0.30$. 4. It was reconfirmed that the thyroid hormones bear a close relationship with the erythropoietic system, namely, the latter is stimulated by the former. The lack of the thyroid hormones thus induces the bone marrow depression leading to anemia the major cause of which, therefore, is not hemolysis.