• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2006

Peripheral insulin resistance in obese/type II diabetes animals results from an impairment of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Insulin stimulate the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular location to the plasma membrane. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) is implicated in mediation of fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicle with the plasma membrane. Present study investigated regulatory effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis administration and exercise training on the expression of GLUT4 protein and SNAREs protein in skeletal muscles of obese Zucker rats. Experimental animals were randomly assigned into one of five groups ; lean control(LN), obese control(OB), exercise-treated(EXE), Rhodiola sachalinensis-treated(Rho), combine of Rho & EXE (Rho-EXE). All animals of exercise training (EXE, Rho-EXE) performed treadmill running for 8 weeks, and animals of Rho groups (Rho, Rho-EXE) were dosed daily by gastric gavage during the same period. After experiment, blood were taken for analyses of glucose, insulin, and lipids levels. Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme (citrate synthase, CS ; $\beta$-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, $\beta$-HAD) activity were analysed. Skeletal muscles were dissected out for analyses of proteins (GLUT4, VAMP2, syntaxin4, SNAP23). Results are as follows. Exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration significantly reduced body weight and improved blood lipids (TG, FFA), and increased insulin sensitivity. Endurance exercise significantly increased the activity of mitochondrial enzymes and the expression of GLUT4 protein, however, administration of Rhodiola sachalinensis did not affect them. The effect of exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration on the expression of SNARE proteins was unclear. Our study suggested that improvement insulin sensitivity by exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration in obese Zucker rats is independent of expression of SNARE proteins.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 1998

The chemiluminescent (CL) response of phagocytes from juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, which were administered orally with levamisole was investigated. The fish intubated with doses of levamisole either at 0.5mg $kg^-$ or 1 mg $kg^-$body weight showed significant increase in CL responses at two weeks after the administration. The increased extent of CL in the fish exposed to 0.5 mg $kg^-$ body weight was considerably lower than that in the fish exposed to 1 mg $kg^-$. The fish exposed to 5 mg $kg^-$ body weight showed a steady and significant increase of CL response after the intubation. The fish intubated with 10 mg of levamisole $kg^-$ body weight, however, showed no significant differences in CL response after the administration. In the experiment of feeding experimental diet, a lower dose of levamisole induced immunostimulation of phagocytes, but higher doses of levamisole induced immunosuppression of phagocytes. At one week after marking and blood sampling, plasma glucose level was significantly increased in the control group and the group intubated 0.5 mg levamisole/kg body weight. However, the fish in another groups, which were administered higher levels of levamisole, showed no significant difference in glucose level after marking and blood sampling. The result of the present study suggests that levamisole can be used as a potent immunostimulator in rockfish by oral administration, and the immunomodulating activity of levamisole depends on the dosage used.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2008

The effects of noise stress response on hematological parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCHC) and plasma parameters (cortisol, glucose and albumin) in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), a very important commercial marine fish in Korea, were investigated. These parameters were analyzed on fish exposed to an explosion of noise. There were no significant differences or trends in hematological parameters (hematocrit; control $29.7{\pm}4.8%$, experiment 32.0 35.5%; hemoglobin; control $6.5{\pm}0.7g/dL$, experiment 6.2 7.8 g/dL; MCHC; control $19.6{\pm}0.6g/dL$, experiment 19.9~22.2 g/dL). However, plasma cortisol and glucose exhibited significant differences from start to finish and displayed the following patterns (cortisol; control $180.7{\pm}35.4ng/mL$, experiment 247.0 444.5 ng/mL; glucose; control $32.5{\pm}6.3mg/dL$, experiment 50.5 109.0 mg/dL). In addition, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression and basal levels of various tissues (eye, gills, liver, intestine, skin and gonads) were investigated for the first time in this marine fish. When the Korean rockfish was exposed to explosive noise stress, the GR mRNA was expressed more in the gonads than in other tissues tested and was elevated significantly from two and four times in the liver and gills, respectively, after noise exposure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.116-121
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• 2004

It is known that the transportation stress of market pigs can affect their carcass quality and that blood concentrations of glucose, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are indicators of the transportation stress. Fifty-seven gilts and 57 barrows weighing approximately 110 kg were randomly assigned into six groups in a 3 [high (0.31 $m^2/100$ kg BW)-, medium (0.35 $m^2$)- and low (0.39 $m^2$)-stocking densities]${\times}2$[1 h vs. 3 h transportation time] arrangement of treatments. Blood samples were taken during transportation and after 2 h lairage. The percentage of "standing" animals during transportation was less in the low- than in the mediumor high-stocking density; the opposite was true for the "sitting" posture. Plasma concentrations of glucose, CK and LDH increased after loading and declined to the resting levels after lairage. Concentrations of CK and LDH were greater in the 3 h vs. 1 h transportation group. Moreover, the LDH concentration was less in the low- than in the medium- or high-density group. Also detected was a significant interaction between the stocking density and transportation time in all of these blood variables. The incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) carcass was greatest in the high-stocking density group. Interestingly, the PSE incidence increased following the 3 h vs. 1 h transportation at the low-density, but not at the medium-density. Results suggest that the medium-density may be preferable to the lowdensity in the long-distance transportation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.774-778
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• 1998

The effect of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on circulating insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, was assessed after injected of recombinant human IGF-I (6 $\mu$g/100 g body weight). Growth and metabolic status of each fish were assessed by determing body length and body weight changes, and serum glucose concentration. Serum IGF binding proteins concentrations were assessed by the Western ligand blot procedure using $^{125}I$-labeled human IGF-I tracer. The fish received IGF-I were Heavier than the saline-injected control fish after 2 weeks of treatment. Plasma IGFBP-3 concentration inclosed, but plasma IGFBP-1 and glucose levels decreased significantly after administration. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that human IGF-I is biologically active in Korean rockfish and may be of significance in metabolic and growth-related processes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.440-446
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• 2007

Arcabose is a competitive inhibitor of the intestinal ${\alpha}$-glucosidases and reduces the postprandial digestion and absorption of carbohydrate and disaccharides. Due to its negligible oral absorption, measuring drug concentration in the plasma is impractical. Thus, the common pharmacokinetic study is not available to determine the bioequivalence of the generic acarbose preparations. The aim of this study is the establishment of pharmacodynamic assessment method for the bioequivalence test of the generic acarbose preparations. Placebo-controlled cross-over ($3{\times}3$) clinical study was conducted in 23 healthy volunteers. Volunteers received a single oral dose of placebo, reference drug ($Glucoby^{(R)}$ 100 mg, Lot # D043) or test drug ($Glucoby^{(R)}$ 100 mg, Lot # E005) just before breakfast, then blood samples for evaluation of serum glucose and insulin levels were taken during for 4 hours. $C_{max},\;AUC_{0-2},\;AUC_{0-4},\;{\Delta}C_{max},\;{\Delta}AUC_{0-2}\;and\;{\Delta}AUC_{0-4}$ of the postprandial plasma glucose level significantly decreased when a single dose of acarbose 100 mg preparations was administered. However, any significant difference was not detected between the groups taken the reference drug and the test drug. These results proposed that the pharmacodynamic protocols of this study is suitable to use for bioequivalence test of acarbose preparations. On the basis of the results of this study and the data of literature on this subject, the standard protocols of bioequivalence study of acarbose preparation are proposed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

Background : Complicated diabetic patients show impaired, delayed wound healing caused by multiple factors. A study on wound healing showed that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was effective in normal tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that when platelet-rich plasma is applied to diabetic wounds, it normalizes the diabetic wound healing process. In this study, we have analyzed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 expression to investigate the effect of PRP on diabetic wounds. Methods : Twenty-four-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats were provided by the Tokushima Research Institute. At 50 weeks, wounds were arranged in two sites on the lateral paraspinal areas. Each wound was treated with PRP gel and physiologic saline gauze. To determine the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, which was chosen as a marker of wound healing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed and local distribution and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 was also observed throughout the immunohistochemical staining. Results : RT-PCR and the immunohistochemical study showed that the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 mRNA expression in PRP applied tissues were higher than MMP-2, MMP-9 mRNA expression in saline-applied tissues. MMP-9 mRNA expression in wounds of diabetic rats decreased after healing began to occur. But no statistical differences were detected on the basis of body weight or fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusions : This study could indicate the extracellular matrix-regulating effect observed with PRP. Our results of the acceleration of wound healing events by PRP under hyperglycemic conditions might be a useful clue for future clinical treatment for diabetic wounds.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

A 10-day trial was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance and hematological responses of juvenile ship sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris under different salinity levels. A total of 240 fish averaging $6.2{\pm}0.13g$ (mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks in groups of 20, and each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of four different salinities at 0, 4, 8 and 12‰. At the end of 10 days of experimental period, plasma protein value of fish exposed to 0‰ and 4‰ salinities was significantly higher than those of fish exposed to 8‰ and 12‰ salinities (P < 0.05). Significantly higher values for plasma cortisol and glucose were obtained in fish exposed to 12‰ salinity compared to the fish exposed to 0‰ and 4‰ salinities (P < 0.05). Plasma potassium and sodium values increased significantly by increment of salinity levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results indicated that in natural environments, juvenile ship sturgeon, A. nudiventris in migratory populations could be able to migrate and adjust successfully into brackish water with a salinity of up to 8‰ without any short-term hematological stress responses.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.181-200
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• 2007

Objevtives & Methods : Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 on lipid composition, cytokine level, liver function, anti-oxidative capacity and histological characters were investigated in diet-induced obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 4 groups of control, BL18, LI11 and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups and raised for 4 weeks. Results : 1. Plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free fatty acids level and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels significantly decreased in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to those of no treatment group. Plasma and liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were also significantly lower than those of no treatment group. There was, however, no difference in TBARS level among pharmacopuncture groups. Liver total cholesterol level of BL18 pharmacopuncture group was lower than those of the other two pharmacopuncture groups. In LDL-cholesterol level, BL18 pharmacopuncture and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups only had significantly lower levels than that of no treatment group. 2. There was no significant difference between cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups and no treatment group in IL-6, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels. 3. Compared with \ those of no treatment group, pharmacopuncture groups had significantly higher levels of HDL-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities. There was, however, no significant difference among pharmacopuncture groups. 4. Histological characters of heart, kidney and liver of BL18 pharmacopuncture group were similar to those of normal rats. Conclusions : These results indicate that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 may suppress adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and activate antioxidant system.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

Objectives : Phyllostachys pubescens and Scutellaria baicalensis are considered to be effective in promoting blood circulation in traditional medicine. In this study, we examined whether a mixture of P. pubescens leaves and S. baicalensis root (BS21) had any anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, or anti-hyperuricemia effects and the possible mechanisms of action. Methods : We examined the effects of BS21 in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed HFD with BS21 (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg) or Garcinia cambogia extracts (245 mg/kg) as a positive control for 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks, body weight, liver and adipose weight, adipocyte size, plasma lipid profiles, adipokine and uric acid levels, and adipose tissue expression levels in obesity and uric acid production-related genes were examined. Results : BS21 decreased body weight gain, white adipose tissue, liver weight, adipocyte size, and liver triglyceride accumulation. It also reduced levels of plasma glucose, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine transaminase, leptin, and uric acid. In contrast, BS21 increased adiponectin levels. Furthermore, BS21 decreased the expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase, as well as xanthine oxidoreductase, which is involved in uric acid production. Conclusions : These results suggest that BS21 may exert anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-hyperuricemia effects in HFD-induced obese mice by regulating the expression of xanthine oxidoreductase and adipogenesis-related genes.