• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-28
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• 2007

We investigated the changes in the species of the woods used for Korean ancient and historic architectures, which include prehistoric excavated relics and existing wooden buildings in South Korea. The species data were collected from various sources such as excavation and repair reports, journal papers, and a few unpublished documents. We divided the building Periods as Paleolithic, Neolitic, Bronze Ages, Iron Age/Three Kingdoms, Koryo, Joseon (early, middle, late) and modem periods. In prehistoric periods, hardwoods were major species. Oak (Quercus spp.) woods dominated (94 percent in average); the others (5%) were Juglans mandshurica, Platycarya strobilacea, Castanea crenata, and few softwoods(1%). During Iron Age and Three Kingdom periods, oaks remained as a major species (57%) and others Platycarya strobilacea(21%), Castanea crenata(13%), and Pinus spp. (6%). The oak woods decreased in Koryo period and they occupied only 1.1%. Instead of oaks, pine (Pinus spp., 71%) and Zelkova serrata (22%) dominated in Koryo. In early and middle Joseon periods, pine woods (73%) remain as a major species and the others were oaks (14%) and Zelkova serrata (9%). As late Joseon came, the pine woods occupied more than 88%. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a few boreal species such as larch (Larix spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), which grow in cold area, were found. We believe they were transported from northern Korea. The existing buildings in Korea are mainly from Joseon period and a few from late Koryo periods. During these periods, pine woods were used for most buildings. For such reason, pine woods were known as 'representative materials for historic buildings'. but earlier times, broad-leaved trees, i.e., oak and Zelkova woods were major materials. The changes in building materials resulted from both climate and human impacts. The dry climate and disturbed forests induce more pines in the mountains. We also compared the wood qualities of the species and found that Zelkova woods were superior ones and deserved more planting for future demands in the repair for historic buildings.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제106권1호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2017

본 연구의 첫 번째 목적은 일제가 수호신으로 전나무를 심었다는 가설의 증명에 있다. 두 번째 목적은 우리가 항일인사 사적지에 심은 전나무에 대한 문제제기에 있다. 일제는 신공왕후의 삼한출병을 보살펴 주었다는 스와신사의 신을 현신시키기 위해 전나무를 심었다. 통영 충렬사, 양주 권율장군 묘소, 경주문화원에서 일제가 심은 전나무의 실체를 확인하였다. 일제강점기 사찰과 공공장소의 전나무 사진, 전나무 양묘회사, 총독의 식수목, 판결문에 있는 전나무 훼손 사건 등의 사실을 근거로 전나무가 일제의 수호신으로 심어졌다는 가설을 입증코자 하였다. 금후 관련 분야의 공동연구에 의해 일제의 전나무 식재 의도를 더 명확히 밝혀야 한다. 항일인사 사적지의 전나무에 대해 논의하여야 한다. 노거수가 되면 칭송되고 경외의 대상이 되기 때문이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2001

The purpose of designing Haebaragi park, legally designated as children park, is to make a place for children including residents performing outdoor recreation, various social interactions, and cultural activities. Design concept for space plan have twofold; the one is a positive and creative playing space and facilities for children, escaped from a monotonous playground, and the other is a cultural and social space for neighboring communities. The site having the area of 1,316.7 square meters, located in Nowon-Dong, Buk-Gu, Daegu metropolitan City, is just like a vest pocket park. The adjacent area had been developed a slum area with mixed ad visually conflicting land use patterns and low income groups. The children and residents living in the area do not have any public space suitable for playing and/or rest. After analyzing such locational characteristic as accessibility, land use of the communities, and potentials for park development, and such design concept as arrangement of facilities, efficient use of site, and functional allocation of park space, We have mad a plan for composition of spaces for various activities, provision of facilities based on estimation of user-demand and activities, and planting. In the design process, we have tried to harmonize functional spaces with facilities, and to organize all the functions as a whole. To improve urbanity and aesthetic shape of park design, we have introduced a central plaza, design of a pave floor, a torrent, large trees for shade, colonnades and so on. From this design project, we can develop the site as a children park for increasing creativities and various playing opportunities, and as a resident space for rest, cultural activities. In the future, it is required that many attempt to design and develop urban small space as a park for children and residents.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.12-25
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to interpret the landscape meaning of village grove and then combines this interpretations with landscape planing if it is possible. So we chose four village groves among seven villlage interpretations with landscape planing if it is possible. So we chose four village groves among seven village groves in HAMPYUNG & YOUNGKWANG Province(CHONRANAMDO, KOREA). The reason why we did it is that the meaning of korean groves is divided into three types(Confucianism, Feng-shui, Native belief etc.) according to original planting reasons. This study was done mainly by both referring to the regional character of those types and examining the nature of grove meanings. As a result of this process, we are able to find three demensions which were explained by physical-ecological, user's behavioral and cultural meaning. 1. Physical landscape of village grove is composed with ecological meaning that is related with people's land use not only inside but outside of it. So this kind of ecological meaning is the mutual relation among physical elements of village groves, for example old high trees, surface, user's facilities, land use around a grove and soon. 2. User's behavior meaning of grove shows that it has high relation with physical dimension, for example distance and accessiblity to a grove, linkage with open space around a village and so on. User's behavior inside of grove is usually divided into three types(recreation, play, ritual services). Especially, we were able to find a tendency to have numerous people use in the case of a village grove well to preserve its ritual service. 3. Cultural meaning of grove has the holistic character which usually defines the regional theme of each village and village grove(Confucianism, Feng-shui, Native belief etc.). So, the Landscape meaning of village grove is not only a physical shape but a certain concept existing inside of village grove. This diversed meaning existing in a grove have a direct effect on good fortune or misfortune of a village and its dwellers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.150-158
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• 2001

Maintenance open spaces and community development in large scale housing development is one of the most important issues. We(UDC) established a resident participation activity for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hachioji New Town from 1997. The purpose of this study is to establish resident participation activities for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hajichioji New Town, and to clarify the characteristics and to on sider about efficiency of the activity. We established Minamino Shizen-Juku as a methodology for maintenance and use open spaces at the same time Hachioji New Town was opened in 1997. The activity has continued by now in 2001. We conducted questionnaire survey to make sure efficiency and characteristics of the activity past three years. Minamino Shizen-Juku (nature friendly lessons) is a resident participation activity in Hachioji New Town. It was established in 1997 as soon as the new town was opened, this year is fifth since it was started. It has three objects. 1)Maintenance and use woody environment, 2) Community development, 3) Continuation and renewal native culture. And it has general course, three special courses and one extra course were established in the activity. 1) General course is an activity participated all of member. It's included farming experience in the native field and seasonal events. 2) Rice growing and woods maintenance course is rice growing and wild wood maintenance in the park as a series of annual farming activities. 3) Benefaction from farm course is started from planting spring vegetable at Mizukoshi(Leader of Minamino Shezen-Juku)'s field. There is the number of participant limit because of the area of the field. 4) Watching nature course is watching seasonal wild flowers, trees, animals and plants to know about native nature. 5) Extra program is programmed to know about native history and tradition. It's planned including participant's ideas. Not member can participate in this course too.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2021

The importance of forests and trees in climate change mitigation and soil nutrient cycling cannot be overemphasized. This study assessed the above-ground carbon stock of two exotic and two indigenous tree species - Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Khaya grandifoliola and Nauclea diderrichii and their litter impact on soil nutrient content of an arboretum within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Data were collected from equal sample plots from the four species' compartments. Tree growth variables including total height, diameter at breast height, crown height, crown diameter and merchantable height were measured for the estimation of above-ground carbon stock. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm from each compartment and analyzed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, pH, Manganese, Iron, Copper and Zinc. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference (p<0.05) in the carbon contents of the four species and the soil nutrient contents of the different species' compartments. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationships between the carbon contents, growth parameters and soil parameters. The highest and lowest carbon stock per hectare was observed for G. arborea (151.52 t.ha^-1) and K. grandifoliola (45.45 t.ha^-1) respectively. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and K. grandifoliola respectively. The pH was highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and T. grandis respectively. Carbon stock correlated positively with dbh, crown diameter, merchantable height and Zn and negatively with base saturation. The study revealed that G. arborea and N. diderrichii can effectively be used for reforestation and afforestation programmes aimed at climate change mitigation across Nigeria. Therefore, policies to encourage and enhance their planting should be encouraged.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2018

Considering the high needs of recipient countries and the regional biases of Korean Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy, increases in the total amount of ODA and allocation to the forest sector are needed for Central Asia. In Tajikistan, illegal harvesting and grazing cause a gradual decrease in forest area. The Tajikistan government conserves forests by requesting international cooperation and establishing a policy for sustainable management of forest resources and prevention of further damages. To suggest suitable strategies and plans, the current statuses of forests and forestry were investigated, and ODA projects that can illustrate successful Korean experiences of forestation were conceived based on various geographical features and local conditions of Tajikistan in this study. Forest resource creation type projects (fuelwood and Tugai forest restoration) could result in energy independence and enhancement of ecosystem service such as a climate regulation and an increase in biodiversity. Community development type projects (introduction of ecotourism, agroforestry, and planting of fruit trees) can contribute to job creation and encourage participation of local residents, thus improving their incomes. In addition, establishment of a project foundation, including education, training, and a national forest inventory, would help those projects be sustainable in the long-term.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권3호
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• pp.405-417
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• 2019

표준적인 산림 조건을 가정하여 주요 경제수종의 기준 벌기령 입목가를 평가하여 임업의 수익성을 분석하였다. 벌기령의 입목가는 원목가격에서 벌목 운반비를 빼는 시장가역산법으로 평가하였다. 일본잎갈나무의 경우 기준 벌기령(30년)에서 입목가는 약 450만원/ha, 잣나무의 경우 기준 벌기령(50년)에서 입목가는 약 370만원/ha로 산정되었다. 이는 수확후 재조림비용 606만원 이하에 머물러 보조금이 뒷받침되지 않으면 갱신으로 이어지지 않는다. 육림비용을 포함하면 그 차이는 더욱 커진다. 장래에도 목재가격은 상승하지 않을 것이고 인건비는 상승할 것이므로 임업의 수익성은 더욱 악화될 것이다. 현재의 고비용 임업방식을 개선하지 않으면 지속가능한 산림경영을 실현하기 어렵고 공적 투자에 의존할 수밖에 없을 것이다. 따라서 임업의 비용을 절감하기 위해 천연갱신처럼 조림비용이 들지 않는 저비용 임업을 채용할 필요가 있다. 또, 임목수확의 비용절감을 위해 임도를 비롯한 임업 인프라에 투자해야 한다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2019

현대사회가 급속히 발전하면서 자연과 환경의 중요성에 대한 관심이 주요 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 특별히 최근 빠른 산업화로 극심한 환경오염과 미세먼지로 인한 사람들의 건강이 크게 위협을 받으면서 자연보호와 산림자원 관리에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. 하지만 잦은 화재나 풍수해 및 난개발 등으로 인해 소중한 산림자원이 제대로 관리 되지 못하고 헛되이 소실되어 지고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 문제를 효율적으로 해결하기 위해서는 산림자원의 체계적이고 과학적인 조성과 관리가 필요하며, 이를 위해 산림을 구성하는 나무 정보와 산의 지형 정보 및 생태계 정보를 아우르는 정확하고 구체적인 산림자원 정보 데이터베이스 구축이 절실히 요구된다. 본 연구는 드론 기술을 이용하여 촬영된 산림자원 이미지를 기반으로 특정 지역 위치기반 산림 자원의 생태에 대한 정보와 그 위치 지역의 지형 정보를 기반으로 효율적인 산림자원 관리와 벌목 대상이 되는 수목 의사결정 그리고 향후 조성할 산림 조림사업에 도움을 줄 수 있는 산림자원 정보 데이터베이스를 설계하고 구축하고자 한다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제34권
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• pp.60-79
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• 2001

We can infer from collections of prose in Cho-sun period that the main period is from King Se-jong's reign to King Yoeng-jo's or between the 15th and the 17th century. The ideological background and the dignity of the rock garden is derived from Taoist hermitism and Nitze and Jeng-je's quietism. The representation of the rock garden as tri-god mountain comprising Bong-lai, Bang-jang and Young-ju is based on the tradition of making the tripartite rock garden in a pond practiced in the three north-eastern countries, Korea, China and Japan. And it's the representation of quietistic world of eternal life that had been sought by the taoism. Making a pond in which they plant lotus and made rock garden. they enjoyed watching immaculately pure lotus flower bloom even in the mud. It is compared to the confucians' seeking for virtue even in the profane or defiled world. Another motive of intellectuals to make rock gardens is their love of nature and its landscapes and their preference of recluse and temperate life to attaching to high public office, which was the tendency of the learned, established by the influence of taoist and quietist tradition. The essays portray the fountain water, ponds, waterfalls. the hilltops, the mountain pass over the ridge. winded lanes, valleys, caverns, and other architectural elements. The technic of building rock gardens includes those of harmonizing each elements of landscapes in the water, that of irrigation, building formation, and those of piling up the mountains and hills. With some comments on planting trees, grass and flowers. The original location of rock garden, esp. in case of taoist Chae-su's rock garden with waterfalls, is Ian-ri, Ian-myon in the city Sang-ju. Since no relics of rock gardens are to be found in any examples of Korea's traditional gardening, the study of rock gardening by analyzing the prose collections of Cho-sun period can be significant for the study of designing water space that has been considered the center of a garden space.