• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1996

The study was carried out to identify the characteristics of leafy shapes, and to establish the cultural practices such as shading condition, fertilization method, and planting distance of Cirsium nipponicum. Leaf shapes in this plant consist of two kinds, lobation and non-lobation which has two spur type showing large and small spur. Protein band patterns showed that a new protein band in non-lobation with large spur was appeared at the 116.4kDa. For shading condition and fertilization method, number of stems in non-shading and organic matter treatment was higher than that of shading 55% with 3.7. Fresh leaf yield on non-shading and organic matter treatment was higher than that of other treatments. Growth characteristics of leaf number was increased in the $60\times30cm$ treatment, but was redeuced to some extent compared with $60\times45cm$. To increase the fresh leaf yield, the optimum planting distance was $30\times20cm$ with 4,100kg/10a.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1 s.120
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to suggest the minimum distance needed between landscape trees and apartment buildings. in order for the trees to grow soundly and maintain constant growth. Therefore, this study investigated and analyzed the present conditions of the green-spaces contiguous to apartment buildings and the trees inside the apartment complex. The following general problems were identified : (1) the tree growth conditions, (2) the planting intervals, and (3) the planting methods in the apartment complexes. The method of this study was to survey areas, measure the trees and analyze the results. Ten apartment complexes located in Seoul were randomly selected for this study. To analyze the greens contiguous to the building of each apartment complex, the greens were divided into three types, including the front greens, the side greens, and the rear greens. The study surveyed the width of all contiguous greens and the distance from trees to my given building. Four representative sites were specifically investigated to measure the crown widths, heights, and diameters of the trees. These investigations were carried out over 3 months from August to December 2006. According to the results of the study, it was found that the greens are narrower in width and the more closer to a building. The study identified a correlation between the tree and the passage of time after the completion of construction of an apartment complex, showing that the malformation of the trees worsened as time passed. As a result of measuring the right crown and left crown width with the tree trunk as the center, a broad difference was found between coniform trees and trees that tend to branch out more. For example, the ratio of the width of the Acer palmatum is 1:6. However, the ratio of the Metasequoia glyptostroboide is 1:1.7. Based on the overall analysis, it was concluded that the maintained minimum width must be greater than one meter over the green space according to the 'Landscape Standard 2000'. However, that is only applicable to cases such as apartment buildings that present no obstacles. In conclusion having greens placed within one meter of width to a building is not an appropriate environment for the healthy growth of trees. To create sound green spaces, sustainable, long-term growth rate and size should be considered. It is necessary to prepare new standards for the computation of planting trees and the measurement of square landscapes. Wall greenery and shrubberies could be an alternative in the case of a narrow-width green space.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to establish a domestic cultivation system of a newly introduced yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.). Growth and yield were investigated in response to various cultural practices, such as seedling raising, planting distance, pinching, and flower pruning. Optimum conditions for raising of seedling were an average temperature of $22^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Considering of the raising efficiency and the convenience of transplanting, 128 cells per tray was a suitable size. When pinching at a height of 120 cm from late July to early August, yield increased by 22% compared to no pinching. Flower pruning between late August and early September increased the number of tubers and tuber yield by 32% in comparison with no flower pruning. Yam bean seedlings planted at $50cm{\times}30cm$ spacing resulted in 30% yield increase as compared to wider spacing of $100cm{\times}30cm$. Our results thus suggested that the optimal combination of cultural practices ($50{\times}30cm$ planting distance, pinching at 120 cm height, and one time of flower pruning) increase profitability by 107%. All these results suggest high possibility of yam bean as a new income crop in Korea.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.186-187
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• 2011

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2012

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.46-55
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• 2007

This study was carried out to analyze both the root structure and the fine root phytomass of the vertical and horizontal distribution of Zelkova serrata Makino. which was transplanted in the reclaimed land from the sea in Gwangyang, Jeonnam, South Korea. The base ground was reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_1$ of the planting ground was filled to a $100{\sim}150cm$ thickness with the improved soil instead of the reclaimed soil from the sea, $Z_2$ of the planting ground was covered to a $20{\sim}30cm$ thickness with the improved soil and $Z_3$ of the planting ground was mounded to 120cm thickness with the improved soil on the reclaimed land from the sea. In addition, $Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ of the planting grounds were at the large-sized mound on the reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_4$ of the planting ground was located at the lowest level, $Z_5$ planting ground was located at the slope and $Z_6$ planting ground was located at the top of the large-sized mound. The large-sized mounds contain 3 layers, the base layer was reclaimed land from the sea and the second layer was mounded to a $200{\sim}300cm$ thickness with the desalinized soil from the sea on the base layers and the finally layers were mounded to a $80{\sim}120cm$ thickness with improved soil on the second layer. The planting grounds $Z_3,\;Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ developed roots such as tap roots, lateral roots and heart roots. However, in $Z_1\;and\;Z_2$ roots development were inhibited. The fine-root phytomass of the 6 planting ground types was as follows: $113.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_5$, $105.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_4$, $88.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_3$, $81.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_6$, $73.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_2$, $43.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_1$. The vertical distribution of the fine root phytomass decreased from the upper to the deeper soil profiles in the 6 mound types. The fine root phytomass was $43.3{\sim}71.8%$ in a $0{\sim}20cm$ thickness of soil layer and it decreased according to the distance from the nearest trees. The root growth in the improved soil was better than in the reclaimed soil from the sea. However, root growth decreased more in the disturbed soils even though the planting grounds contained the improved soils. The retarded development of roots and the spatial distribution patterns of the fine root phytomass were closely connected to the reclaimed soil from the sea. In the disturbed soil, the soil hardness and alkalic cation($Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}$). were high and the soil water was lacking. We suggest that the construction of planting grounds and the improvement of bad soil are necessary for the proper and effective growth of landscaping plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2000

In order to propose the design and installation information of vegetation belt, field investigation were carried out in the noise pollution control facilities of highway and the streets of a city for two years(1998~1999), and field tests were performed to analyze the noise attenuation effect of them. The noise pollution control facilities were generally classified into three types (noise barrier and vegetation belt type, mounding and vegetation belt type, vegetation belt type only). Most soundproof facilities were proved the noise reduction effects. But according to width, height, structure, auditory distance and planting forms of them, difference of noise reduction effects were investigated. The soundproof facility was suitable the mounding and vegetation belt type in the consideration of road environment, and the installation standard of vegetation was estimated that the width of vegetation was at least 20m and the length of that was 2 times in the distance from noise source.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.495-508
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• 1993

This experiment was conducted to investigate the amount of natural crossing at varying isolation distance and various transplanting time in tobacco. Normal variety and male sterile line showed an average of 1. 6 and 29% natural crossing in the adjacent plantings, respectively. The natural crossing was highest in the adjacent planting, as expected, and less at the farther distance from pollinator plants. Plants transplanted in April 20th were higher in natural crossing than those of other transplanting time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

This study was carried out to suggest an effective method for the rehabilitation of Close-to-Nature River and artificial wetland. The results on the revegetation methods by seeding and sodding of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were summarized as follows. Seed germination of Phragmites japonica was 76.3% at $30^{\circ}C$, that of Miscanthus sacchariflorus was 68.7% at $20^{\circ}C$, that of Themeda triandra germinated 52.3% at $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and that of Pennisetum alopecuroides germinated 86.7% at $30^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. Seed germination of Pennisetum alopecuroides exceeded 80% at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and $25^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. At 60 days after seeding, the ground coverage of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides reached 81%, 81 %, 74%, and 86% respectively in the soil media of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1 by volume). In the results of sod experiment, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were formed sod completely in soil composition type of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1, v/v). Thus this media seems to be best sad production media for rehabilitation works of Close-to-Nature River and man-made wetlands. Phragmites japonica and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were not significantly different in shoot height and the number of tillers by different planting distance for the first one year of experiment. Pennisetum alopecuroides shows high possibility to be used for Close-to-Nature River rehabilitation works by seeding.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.217-224
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• 2016

In this study, performance of a developed automatic punching machine considering the planting density of soybeans was evaluated in the case of the operation speed of 0.18-0.28 m/s. The performance demonstrated a rate of 320-500 ㎡/h, 260-400 ㎡/h, and 210-330 ㎡/h for the 0.20 m, 0.25 m, and 0.30 m soybean planting density, respectively. One hundred percent punching capacity was confirmed in 30 mm distance between the ground and the blade. Additionally, in the 50 mm distance condition, the performance of round, square, and hexagonal blades were observed in the range of 16.7-25.2%, 33.0-42.3%, and 54.5-100.0%, respectively. Above all, the hexagonal blade with a 60° edge angle had the most superior cutting quality demonstrating a smooth and soft cutting plane of the plastic.