• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.330-340
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• 2019

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the integrated effect of zinc (Zn) with other nutrients in managing early blight (EB) disease in tomato. A pot experiment was carried out with basal application of the recommended level of macronutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)] and micronutrients [magnesium (Mg) and boron (B)] in bilateral combination with Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized deigned in replicates. Results revealed that interactive effect of Zn with Mg or B was often futile and in some cases synergistic. Zn with NPK yield synergistic outcome, therefore EB disease was managed significantly (disease incidence: 25% and percent severity index: 13%), which resulted in an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and uses with improved growth and development in a tomato plant. Thus, crosstalk and convergence of mechanisms in metabolic pathways resulted in induction of resistance in tomato plant against a pathogen which significantly improved photosynthetic pigment, total phenolics, total protein content and defense-related enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)]. The tremendous increase in total phenolics and PAL activity suggesting their additive effect on salicylic acid which may help the plant to systemically induce resistance against pathogen attack. It was concluded that interactive effect of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) with NPK significantly managed EB disease and showed positive effect on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes therefor use of Zn + NPK is simple and credible efforts to combat Alternaria stress in tomato plants.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2016

We have studied the mycelia growth of four soil-borne fungal pathogens under light qualities and two lighting types (continuous and intermittent) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). As a result, each mycelia growth on Phytophthora cactorum KACC40166, Athelia rolfsii KACC40170, and Helicobasidium mompa KACC40836 strain showed the similar growth rates within 10% or less difference among treatments compared to dark control, regardless of lighting types. However, the mycelia growth on Rosellinia necatrix KACC40168 strain was significantly suppressed by blue, blue+green and blue+red LED as well as fluorescent lamp compared to a dark control, in common with lighting types. The melanin pigment on R. necatrix KACC40168 strain showed relatively to induce more strongly under green LED and fluorescent lamp, whereas no induction under red LED and a control, regardless of lighting types. Thus, the hypha width on R. necatrix KACC40168 was significantly thinned by blue and blue+green LED compared to a control, in common with lighting types.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1986

The differences of pigment compositions in leaf chloroplast between sun and shade plant were analyzed to investigate the photo-induced destructive effects on shade species under the strong light. Ginseng was selected as a C-3 shade plant, soybean as C-3 sun species and corn as C-4 malate forming sun species. To study the effects of light, ginseng was divided into two subgroups; the 1 and 2 lines received sunlight a little more than those of 3 and 4 lines. Total amounts of chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls were not considerably different among 3 and 4-lined ginseng, soybean and corn. However, the amounts of the three components of 1 and 2-lined ginseng and the chlorophylls content in corn leaves were smaller than those of others. The molar ratio of lutein to total carotenoids was significantly high in ginseng, that of violaxanthin was considerably high in corn and that of neoxanthin the highest in 1 and 2-lined ginseng among tested samples. Chlorophylls to carotenes ratio was 16.0 and highest in ginseng, 13.2 in soybean and 12.0 in corn. In 1 and 2-lined ginseng, the molar ratios of lutein and carotenes were lower while those of neoxanthin and violaxanthin were higher than those of the samples of more light. It was noticeable that an antheraxanthin-like epoxy carotenoid detected in soybean and corn leaves extracts was not observed in ginseng leaf extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.395-403
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• 1999

The origin as well as the culinary aspects such as ingredients, types, preparation methods of Dasik and materials and ornamental patterns of Dasik mould(다식판) are discussed and analyzed through the literature survey. 1. The origin of Dasik came from the custom of Umdha(飮茶) together with the Worship of Buddhism(숭불정책) and the abundant production of rice due to the Policy for Agricultural Development(권농정책) of the Koryo Dynasty. 2. The main ingredient of Dasik was rice flour and wheat flour and thereafter, plant materials such as Song-wha(송화), Mungbean starch flour(녹두녹말가루) and Hwang-yul(황율) were followed. Honey, sugar and syrup were used as coagulating agents. Dasik was often colored by the addition of Omija(오미자), a plant material containing red pigment. 3. Originally. Dasik mould was not used until Jeungbo-Sanlim-Kyungje. Major types of Dasik were reviewed from the literature survey. 4. The materials of Dasik mould were wood or porcelain. Their shapes and ornamental patterns were reviewed. Circular design was predominant in the wood and lettered designs were predominant in porcelain. 5. Utilization of Dasik recorded in Koryo-History(고려사) and Chosun-Wangjo Shilloc(조선왕조실록) were reviewed.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2008

Aurofusarin is a polyketide pigment produced by some Fusarium species. The PKS12 and GIP1 genes, which encode a putative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and a fungal laccase, respectively, are known to be required for aurofusarin biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum). The ten additional genes, which are located within a 30 kb region of PKS12 and GIP1 and regulated by a putative transcription factor (GIP2), organize the aurofusarin biosynthetic cluster. To determine if they are essential for aurofusarin production in G. zeae, we have employed targeted gene deletion, complementation, and chemical analyses. GIP7, which encodes O-methyltransferase, is confirmed to be required for the conversion of norrubrofusarin to rubrofusarin, an intermediate of aurofusarin. GIP1-, GIP3-, and GIP8-deleted strains accumulated rubrofusarin, indicating those gene products are essential enzymes for the conversion of rubrofusarin to aurofusarin. Based on the phenotypic changes in the gene deletion strains examined, we propose a possible pathway for aurofusarin biosynthesis in G. zeae. Our results would provide important information for better understanding of naphthoquinone biosynthesis in other fdarnentous fungi as well as the aurofusarin biosynthesis in G. zeae.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.29.1-29.11
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• 2020

Maize seed pigmentation is one of the important issue to develop maize seed breeding. The differently gene expression was characterized and compared for three inbred lines, such as the pigment accumulated seed (CM22) and non-pigmented seed (CM5 and CM19) at 10 days after pollination. We obtained a total of 63,870, 82,496, and 54,555 contigs by de novo assembly to identify gene expression in the CM22, CM5, and CM19, respectably. In differentially expressed gene analysis, it was revealed that 7,044 genes were differentially expressed by at least two-fold, with 4,067 upregulated in colored maize inbred lines and 2,977 upregulated in colorless maize inbred lines. Of them,18 genes were included to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, while 15 genes were upregulated in both CM22/5 and CM22/19. Additionally, 37 genes were detected in the metabolic pathway concern to the seed pigmentation by BINs analysis using MAPMAN software. Finally, these differently expressed genes may aid in the research on seed pigmentation in maize breeding programs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.194-202
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• 1978

In order to evaluate the utility of the anthocyanin pigments in Ganges Amaranth as an edible pigment, this study was designed to isolate and identify the anthocyanins. The anthocyanins present in leaves of Ganges Amaranth were extracted with 0.1% HCl in methanol. The extracted pigments were purified by organic solvent treatment and Amberlite CG-400 Type cation exchanger, and then separated into individual pigments by paper chromatography with n-butanol-formic acid-water(100:25:60, v/v) as a solvent system. The separated pigments were identified by their Rf values, sugar moieties, complete hydrolysis and spectral characteristics in the visible and ultraviolet regions. The amounts of individual anthocyanins were also determined. The results obtained from these experiments were as follows. 1. Chromatograms of the Ganges Amaranth extract developed with BFW yielded three anthocyanin bands. The two of the anothocyanin bands were tentatively identified as malvidin-3-glucoside(acylated with caffeic acid) in band 1 and peonidin-3-glucoside (acylated with caffeic acid) in band 2. But the anthocyanin in band 3 was not identified due to extremly low concentration. 2. The amount of total anthocyanins was 101.57 mg/100g fresh weight of leaves in which 82.15 mg of malvidin-3-glucoside (acylated with caffeic acid) and 27.20 mg of peonidin-3-glucoside(acylated with caffeic acid) were contained per 100g fresh weight. Maividin-3-glucoside acylated with the acid was, therefore, the most abundant pigment in the Ganges Amaranth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2003

Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient playing important roles in many plant processes. Significant interest has been devoted to search and utilize genotypic variations in P use efficiency in rice but with little effort to understand its physiological and biochemical bases. In this study, we examined responses to P deprivation of some primary and secondary traits in 3-week-old seedlings of the three genotypes, Sobi-byeo (japonica), Dasan-byeo (japonica $\times$ indica) and Palawan (indica). In general, percent weight due to root was increased up to 26%, but amounts of root protein and proteins secreted from roots were decreased by 11 to 19% and 31 to 51 %, respectively, by 3 to 21 days of P deprivation in the three genotypes. Interestingly, however, responses of Palawan to short-term P deprivation were contrasting to those of Dasan-byeo and Sobi-byeo in seedling weight and contents of shoot protein, chlorophyll and anthocyanin. Seedling weight was not decreased, but shoot protein content was decreased in P-deprived seedlings of Palawan. Contents of chlorophyll in leaves and anthocynin in roots were increased in Dasan-byeo and Sobi-byeo, but decreased in Palawan. The results suggest that responses of protein and pigment synthesis to P deficiency are different in modem and traditional varieties and the difference may at least in part be due to the selection for high yield under highly fertilized conditions.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 1995

For studying chlorophyll biosynthetic heterogeneity of plants, it is necessary to establish a technique for microassay of a putative monovinyl and divinyl protoporphyrin IX. Precise determination of the amounts of monovinyl and divinyl protoporphyrin IX is difficult with optical electronic spectroscopy even at 77$\circ$C. Such a problem could be solved by conversion of protoporphyrin IX to protoporphyrin IX dimethylester with diazomethane and subsequent Mg insertion into protoporphyrin IX dimethylester by reaction with a Grignard solution. The proportion of monovinyl and divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX dimethylester formed was measured instead of direct measuring that of protoporphyrin IX by low-temperature spectrofluorometry. The relative proportions of monovinyl and divinyl of protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, and Mgprotoporphyrin IX dimethylester have not changed during the chemical conversion steps. This analysis system could be useful for the study of the monovinyl and divinyl chlorophyll biosynthetic routes in plants.

• CELLMED
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.9.1-9.7
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• 2020

Nature is full of precious treasure to cure us from various disorders. One of them is Curcuma longa belonging to Zingiberaceae family, present with outstanding therapeutic value and used since time immemorial. Part used from the plant is rhizome native to India (south east continent) which is the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric. The active principle called curcumin or diferuloylmethane is a yellow pigment that exhibits numerous activities and wide spectrum of biological actions which include anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-cancerous, anti-fungal, neuroprotective activities and many more. This paper focuses on the comparative evaluation of medicinal properties of Curcuma longa as mentioned in Unani classical literature with its modern scientific researches.