• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1285-1293
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of various animal and plant protein sources on piglet' performance, digestibility of amino acids and gut morphology in weaned pigs until 28 days after weaning. The plant protein sources used were soybean meal (SBM), fermented soy protein (FSP), rice protein concentrate (RPC); and animal protein sources tested were, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and fishmeal (FM). Iso-proteinous (21%) diets were formulated and lysine (1.55%) content was similar in all the diets. The level of each protein source added was 6% by replacing SBM to the same extent from the control diet containing 15% SBM. The ADG was higher (p<0.05) in the groups fed animal proteins as compared with plant proteins at all the levels of measurement, except during 15-28 days. The highest ADG was noted in WPC and FM fed diets and lowest in SBM fed diet. The feed intake was higher in animal protein fed groups than plant proteins at all phases, but the feed:gain ratio was not affected by protein sources except during overall (0 to 14 day) measurement which was improved (p<0.05) in animal protein fed diets compared to plant protein sources. The digestibilities of gross energy, dry matter and crude protein were higher in animal protein fed groups than for plant protein fed sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Leu, Thr, and Met were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animal proteins fed animals as compared with plant protein fed animals. But the apparent fecal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Arg and Ile were significantly higher (p<0.05) in plant protein diets than animal protein sources. The villous structure studied by scanning electron microscope were prominent, straight finger-like, although shortened and densely located in FM fed group as compared with others. The lactic acid bacteria and C. perfringens counts were higher in caecal contents of pigs fed plant proteins than the animal proteins. Overall, it could be concluded that animal protein sources in the present study showed better effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut morphology than plant protein sources.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2016

Background: This study examined the use of new bio-materials with enhanced value and functionality, which were derived from fermented wild ginseng cultures. Methods and Results: To examine the antioxidant activity associated with biological functions, radical scavenging analyses (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity analyses were conducted. Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of wild ginseng fermented with microorganisms (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis subsp. inaquosorum) were evaluated to determine the antioxidant activity increment. Regarding ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis, values of $70.6{\pm}1.4%$, $44.3{\pm}1.7%$, and $88.4{\pm}1.3%$ were measured using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like antioxdiant activity analyses, respectively. The total phenolic content in ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis was $184.5{\pm}0.9{\mu}g{\cdot}GAE/m{\ell}$, and the total flavonoid contents was $108.5{\pm}1.8{\mu}g{\cdot}QE/m{\ell}$ in ginseng fermented with L. mesenteroides. Conclusions: Of the four types of lactic acid bacteria examined, the use of B. licheniformis to ferment ginseng resulted in greatest increase in antioxidant activity. Therefore, ginseng fermented by microorganisms might be used to produce functional bio-materials.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 천연소취식물인 감잎, 솔잎, 회향을 세절 및 추출하여 김치에 첨가하여 냄새를 masking하는 농도의 조건을 설정하고, 천연물 첨가에 따라 김치의 숙성에 미치는 연향과 휘발성 향기 성분을 분석하였다. 감잎, 솔잎, 회향을 세절물과 추출물로 김치에 첨가하여 숙성 후 신내와 군덕내에 대해 관능평가한 결과, 김치에 천연소취식물을 첨가할 때 세절물보다 추출물을 첨가했을 경우에 김치냄새의 masking 효과가 높았으며, 솔잎추출물 0.3-0.6%를 첨가한 김치와 회향추출물 0.05-0.1%를 첨가한 김치가 관능적으로 효과가 높았다. 또한 솔잎추출물 및 회향추출물을 첨가한 김치는 일반김치와 비교했을 때 pH, 총산도 및 유산균수 등의 발효특성인자들에 유의적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 GC/MS로 김치 및 소취식물 추출물의 향기 성분을 분석하여, 천연소취 식물을 첨가한 김치와 솔잎 및 회향추출물의 향기 성분과의 연관성을 검토하였다. 결과적으로 솔잎 및 회향추출물은 김치의 발효특성에 영향을 주어 김치 특유의 냄새를 저감시킬 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 약초 당침 추출액의 발효특성을 분석하고 관능적 특성을 개선할 수 있는 적정 발효조건을 도출하여 유산균 발효 약초음료 개발에 응용하고자 하였다. 설탕을 이용하여 1년 숙성, 추출한 개똥쑥, 어성초 및 삼백초 당침액($50{\pm}5^{\circ}Bx$)을 10, 15 및 $20^{\circ}Bx$로 희석한 후 김치로부터 분리한 L. plantarum DK119 ($5{\times}10^9CFU/mL$)를 2% (v/v) 접종하고 $37^{\circ}C$에서 4일 동안 발효하면서 유산균 수, pH, 적정산도 및 환원당 함량 변화를 분석한 결과 개똥쑥은 $20^{\circ}Bx$, 어성초는 $10^{\circ}Bx$, 그리고 삼백초는 $15^{\circ}Bx$가 발효 가능한 농도로 나타났다. 즉, 희석농도와 접종 유산균 수가 유사한 조건에서도 사용한 약초 종류에 따라 발효특성에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 발효 기간 중 개똥쑥, 어성초 및 삼백초 희석액의 총폴리페놀 함량은 모든 희석액에서 변화가 없는 반면 DPPH radical 제거능과 환원력(FRAP)은 발효 2일에 유의적 증가를 보여 발효 중 항산화 활성에 영향을 미치는 발효 산물이 생성되는 것으로 추정된다. 관능검사 결과, 발효 전 당침액에서 나는 특유의 불쾌한 약초 맛이 발효 1일부터 감소하고 종합적 기호도가 발효 2-3일에 높아져 L. plantarum DK119를 이용한 유산균 발효는 약초 당침액의 항산화 활성을 증가시키고 관능적 품질특성을 개선시켜 약초 추출물을 이용한 건강 음료 개발에 응용 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2021

고추에서 Colletotrichum scovillei를 검출하고 계수하기 위한 반선택배지가 개발되었다. 기본배지로서 Potato-dextrose-agar (PDA)가 사용되었다. 반선택배지의 최종 조성은 부생성곰팡이와 세균을 저해하고, C. scovillei의 생장에 양호할 수 있도록 확립되었다. 반선택배지는 pyribencarb와 pydiflumetofen 각각 40 ㎍ mL^-1와 세균을 방지하기 위한 streptomycin 100 ㎍ mL^-1를 포함한다. 배지의 pH는 85% lactic acid로 4.8로 조절했다. 반선택배지에 배양할 때 C. scovillei의 균사생육 저해율은 Fusarium속과 다른 부생균보다 뚜렷이 낮았다. 반선택배지에 과실과 줄기조직 현탁액을 평판배양하여 탄저병균이 자연 감염된 식물체로부터 C. scovillei가 검출되었고, 신뢰할 수 있고 정량할 수 있었다. 이것은 자연 감염된 고추조직에서 C. scovillei의 존재를 검출하기 위한 반선택성배지에 대한 처음 보고이다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.132-143
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9℃ at the farm versus keeping it at 20℃ on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. Methods: A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9℃ (MC9) and the other at 20℃ (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Results: Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Conclusion: Storing milk at 9℃ at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2018

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.117-126
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• 1984

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites which are produced by trains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus during their growth on foods and feedstuffs. Aflatoxins are a group of closely related heterocyclic compounds of which $B_1$, $B_2$, and $G_2$ are the major members. Aflatoxins are synthesized via a polyketide pathway in which the general steps are acetate, an-thraquinones, xanthone and aflatoxins. Aflatoxin formation is favored by high moisture or high $a_w$(0.95${\sim}$0.99). The limiting $a_w$ for aflatoxin production on agricultural commodities is 0.83. Optimum temperature for aflatoxin production by the molds is $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and the incubation time for the maximum production of the toxin is 7${\sim}$15 days. The limiting temperatures for aflatoxin production are ${\leq}7.5^{\circ}C\;and\;\geq40^{\circ}C$. Cycling temperatures may or may not stimulate aflatoxin production depending on the amplitude of cycling, substrate and strains of molds. Aflatoxin pro-ducing molds are aerobic organisms and thus have a requirement for oxygen. A decreasing $O_2$ concentration and/or increasing concentrations of $CO_2$ or $N_2$ depress the mold growth and aflatoxin formation. A. flavus grows competitively or associatively in the presence of other microorganisms and occasionally loses the competition with other microorganisms. Some lactic acid bacteria have been shown to reduce growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. Carbon source is the most important nutritional factors affecting aflatoxin formation by the molds. Sucrose, fructose and glucose are the most favorable carbon sources. Food substrates of plant derived products which have high carbohydrate content such as agricultural commodities and their products are most vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.892-901
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• 2022

The rising demand for carotenoids can be met by microbial biosynthesis as a promising alternative to chemical synthesis and plant extraction. Several species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) specifically produce C₃₀ carotenoids and offer the added probiotic benefit of improved gut health and protection against chronic conditions. In this study, the recently characterized Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226^T produced the rare C₃₀ carotenoid, 4,4'-diaponeurosporene, and its yield was optimized for industrial production. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was used to screen carbon and nitrogen sources, while the abiotic stresses of temperature, pH, and salinity, were evaluated for their effects on 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production. Lactose and beef extract were ideal for optimal carotenoid production at 25℃ incubation in pH 7.0 medium with no salt. The main factors influencing 4,4'-diaponeurosporene yields, namely lactose level, beef extract concentration and initial pH, were enhanced using the Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology (RSM). Compared to commercial MRS medium, there was a 3.3-fold increase in carotenoid production in the optimized conditions of 15% lactose, 8.3% beef extract and initial pH of 6.9, producing a 4,4'-diaponeurosporene concentration of 0.033 A₄₇₀/ml. To substantiate upscaling for industrial application, the optimal aeration rate in a 5 L fermentor was 0.3 vvm. This resulted in a further 3.8-fold increase in 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production, with a concentration of 0.042 A₄₇₀/ml, compared to the flask-scale cultivation in commercial MRS medium. The present work confirms the optimization and scale-up feasibility of enhanced 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production by L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226^T.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.580-586
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• 2010

감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 추출물 및 세절물을 김치에 첨가하여, 김치의 발효 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 먼저 감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 추출물을 제조하여 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능 및 유산균 증식 저해 활성을 조사하였다. 감잎 추출물이 뽕잎 추출물과 댓잎 추출물보다 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능이 가장 높았고, 유산균의 생육을 더 크게 저해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 세절물을 김치에 첨가하여 담근 14일후의 관능평가 결과, 감잎 세절물 0.3%를 첨가한 김치에서 색, 풍미, 조직감 및 전체적인 기호도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또, 감잎 세절물과 감잎 추출물 0.3%를 첨가하여 제조한 김치의 담근 당일과 담근 14일 후의 pH와 산도의 변화량$({\Delta}pH,\;{\Delta}TA)$을 계산한 결과, 감잎 세절물에서 유의적으로 적은 변화량을 보였다(p<0.05). 또한, 담근 14일 후의 감잎 세절물 0.3% 첨가한 김치에서 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 김치 제조 시 감잎 세절물 0.3%의 첨가가 김치의 숙성 중 pH, 총산도의 변화, DPPH 전자공여능, 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 관능평가에는 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.