• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.537-546
• /
• 1994

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of six different plant protein sources such as soybean meal, extruded full-fat soybean, canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal as a sole protein source of diets on growth performance and amino acid bioavailabilities in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 54 pigs with average 25 kg of body weight were used as experimental subjects for a 65-d feeding trial. Digestion trial was carried out with seven ileal-cannulated pigs. The most rapid rate of weight gain was observed in pigs fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean, the moderate one in pigs fed canola meal and cottonseed meal and the least one in pigs fed rapeseed meal and perilla meal (p<0.005). Feed efficiency was better for groups fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean than other protein meals (p<0.05). The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids of soybean meal and full-fat soybean (82.5% and 81.6%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other protein sources (61.2 to 69.4%). Regardless of protein sources, the apparent ileal digestibility of arginine was highest, whereas that of histidine was lowest among essential amino acids. Proline had the lowest digestibility among non-essential amino acids. True amino acid digestibilities tended to be higher than apparent amino acid digestibilities. The differences between true and apparent ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal than other protein sources. The differences was greatest in praline except for cottonseed meal. The fecal digestibility appeared to be higher than the ileal digestibility. The differences between fecal and ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal than in soybean meal and full-fat soybean. In general, praline was the most disappeared amino acid in the hind gut, while the net synthesis of lysine in the large intestine was observed in all protein sources except perilla meal. It is appropriate that swine feeds should be formulated based on true ileal amino acid digestibility of protein sources for pig's normal growth.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 1982

The fat bodies of cabbage worm (Pieris rapae) and silk worm (Bomyx mori) during metamorphosis was comparatively studied by electron microscope. 1. Cell oranelles: Golgi apparatus were not observed in both species. It is observed that RER of cabbage worms initiate to degenerate in prepupa stage with complete degeneration at adult stage, while that of silk worms shows similar degenerative pattern. However, mitochondria of cabbage worms are transformed into autophagic vacuole from prepupa stage until adult stage whereas those of silk worm shows a decrease in number in prepupa stage but maintains a certain level until adult stage. 2. Storage substance in cell: Lipid droplets in cabbage worms were observed to increase in numbers during larval stage but afterward decrease in number with an enlargement in size. However immediately after their pupal stage, they almost disappear. On the contrary lipid droplets in silk worms show rather increase in number until adult stage. Protein storage granules in bothspecies were arised from autophagic vacuoles(lysosome) . Fat cells of cabbage worm in adult stage turn out to be residual bodies which last until final stage, but those of silk worm rapidly decrease. Glycogen particles in both species reach maximum at last larval instar and thee gradually decrease thereafter. 3. Fat body sheath: The average width of fat body sheath was measured to be $0.2{\mu}m$ and $0.6{\mu}m$ and surface of fat cells adjacent to fat body sheath in silk worm is heavily infolded.

• 셀메드
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.11.1-11.7
• /
• 2012

Stachys tibetica Vatke (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in the folk medicine of Ladakh, India and Tibet for the treatment of various mental disorders. Infusion and decoction of the whole plant is used as a cup of tea for a severe fever, headaches and to relieve tension. The recent study is aimed to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical nature of Stachys tibetica Vatke. The whole plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (40 - $60^{\circ}C$), chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and finally decocted with water to get the respective extracts. The fluorescence characteristics of the powdered materials were analysed under ultraviolet light and ordinary light. Different physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value, foaming index, pH values, loss on drying and determination of foreign matter were carried out as per WHO guidelines. The total fat, flavonoid, saponin and volatile contents were also determined. Macroscopical studies revealed the authentication of the plant drug. Physicochemical parameters helped to standardize the plant material while preliminary qualitative chemical tests of different extracts showed the presence of Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Phytosterols/triterpenoids, Saponins, Fixed oils, Fats and phenols/tannins. Quantification of the total flavonoids and saponins and contents were determined as $54.66{\pm}0.58mg/g$ and $75.42{\pm}0.48mg/kg$ respectively, while the volatile and fat contents were 6.5% and 0.7% respectively. Results may lay the foundation for the standardization of the drug and discovery of new molecules from S. tibetica for the treatment of various diseases.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.163-167
• /
• 1998

To produce several high-quality species of Chwinamul (Aster scaber, A. Tataricus, Ligularia fischeri), leaves of the plants grown in different natural habitats were anlayzed. Contents in vitamin C and $\beta$-carotene were generally higher in plants grown in the field. However, Aster scaber picked form Yongwol and A. tataricus from Mt.Taryong contained relatively higher vitamin c and $\beta$ carotene. Crude protein and fat contents varied depending on the growing area. Ca content was markedly higher in the plants grown in the natural havitats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제38권11호
• /
• pp.1522-1527
• /
• 2009

우리는 고지방식이에 의해 유도된 비만 마우스의 몸무게, 부고환 지방조직 무게, 부고환 지방조직의 지방세포 크기 및 혈장 지질 농도에 약용식물 물 추출물들(MPWEs) 혼합식이가 어떤 영향들을 미치는지 연구하였다. MPWEs 혼합식이의 항비만 효과를 알아보기 위하여 C57BL/6J 마우스는 11주 동안 고지방식이를 섭취시켰다. 마지막 6주 동안, 계속해서 고지방식이(HFD)만 섭취시키거나 고지방식이에 MPWEs(5 g/kg, HFD＋MPWEs)이나 고지방식이에 orlistat[0.5 g/kg, HFD＋orlistat(항비만 약)]을 섞어 섭취시켰다. HF-free군은 11주 동안 일반 식이를 섭취시켰다. 11주간 고지방식이를 섭취한 군은 일반식이군과 비교하여 혈장 지질 수준, 몸무게, 간 무게 및 부고환 지방조직 무게가 현저하게 증가하였다. MPWEs를 함유하고 있는 식이는 몸무게, 간 무게 및 부고환 지방조직 무게와 마찬가지로 혈장 총콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 그리고 혈당 농도를 현저하게 감소시켰다. 혈장 중성지방 수준은 6주 동안 orlistat를 함유한 고지방식이군(HFD＋orlistat)에서 현저히 낮았고 MPWEs를 함유한 고지방식이군(HFD＋MPWEs)의 그것과 유사하였다. 고지방식이군 마우스의 지방세포크기가 일반식이군의 그것에 비해 현저하게 증가하였고, MPWEs와 orlistat(positive control)는 부고환 지방세포 크기를 현저하게 감소시켰으나 orlistat가 MPWEs보다 약간 더 영향력이 있었다. 이들 결과들은 MPWEs 섭취는 몸무게 증가, 지방세포 형성 및 지방세포 크기 증가를 저해함으로써 항비만 효과가 있을 것이라는 것을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.84-93
• /
• 2015

Relationship between lipid intake and obesity has been well-addressed but recent findings indicated that the type of lipid or composition of lipid in the diet also contributes to body fat accumulation and consequential health outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of nutrition intake including fatty acids, lipids and lipid soluble nutrients between the obese and lean college students and to analyze the relationship between the intake of certain fatty acids and body fat accumulation. Anthropometric elements including body weight, height, body fat and composition were measured, and dietary recall was conducted on a total of 114 college students. Data showed that total calorie intake and total lipid intake were not significantly different between the obese and lean subjects, in both male and female students. However, male obese subjects ate more amount of plant lipids and palmitic acids (C16:0) from their diet (p<0.05), while female obese subjects consumed more linoleic acids (18:2) and linolenic acids (C18:3) compared to normal subjects (p<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that the consumption of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and lipid soluble vitamin D were negatively (p<0.05) correlated with body fat accumulation in all subjects and these findings were supported by simple linear regression analyses for those variables. These results implicate that rather than only considering the amount of lipids, suggesting a proper type of lipids or lipid metabolites can be considered in nutrition counseling or education.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to investigate and assess the composition of mineral and macronutrient contents in Korean cow′s milk.48 individual farm raw milk, 10 plant raw milk and 29 market milk were collected from June to August in 2003. The minerals such as calcium(Ca), potassium(K), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe) and phosphorus(P) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS). The macronutrients such as fat, protein and lactose were tested by using IR spectrometer. The obtained analytical results of minerals(mg/100 g) and rnaetronutrients (％) are as follows：1. In case of raw cow′s milk ； Ca 113.56, K 144.09, Mg 10.86, Na 42.53, Zn 0.42, Fe 0.030, p 113.32, fat 3.85, protein 3.08, lactose 4.80,2. In case of market cow′s milk ; Ca 103.04, K 142.46, Mg 10.27, Na 43.21, Zn 0.40, Fe 0.034. p 97.30, fat 3.78, protein 3.05, lactose 4.70,3. In case of fortified market cow′s milk ; Ca 165.40, K 145.79, Mg 10.57. Na 42.55, Zn 0.57, Fe 0.414, p 94.68, fat 3.74, protein 3.08, lactose 4.68,4. In case of processed market cow′s milk ; Ca 134.72, K 142.74, Mg 10.33, Na 45.07, Zn 0.50, Fe 0.650, p 92.48, fat 3.72, protein 3.07, lactose 4.74. According to the group of market milk(milk, fortified market row′s milk, processed market cow′s milk), the mean concentration of Ca and Fe were significantly higher in fortified and processed milk than milk(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in macronutrient(fat, protein, lactose) and mineral contents between pasteurized milk and UHT(ultra high temperature) treated milk($\alpha$=0.05). The labeled "Nutritional Facts" of market milk were satisfied with "Labeling Standards for Livestock Products of Korea". The measured mean concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn were generally higher than lower limit of labeled value(above 80% of labeled value). The mean concentration of sodium was lower than upper limit of labeled value(below 120％ of labeled value).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.223-227
• /
• 2012

This study examined the effects of corn gluten (CG), wheat gluten (WG), and soybean protein isolate (SPI), as well as their hydrolysates, on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=70) were fed a high-fat diet (40% of the calories were fat) for 4 weeks. Rats were then randomly divided into seven groups and were fed isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate (CGH group), intact WG (WG group), WG hydrolysate (WGH group), intact SPI (SPI group), and SPI hydrolysate (SPIH group). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, lipid profiles in plasma and liver; and hepatic activities of carnitine palmitoyl transferase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were assessed. The CGH group showed significant weight reduction compared with the other groups. Epididymal fat pad and plasma triglycerides in the CGH group were the lowest and were significantly different than those in the control group. FAS activity in the CGH group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. In conclusion, the CGH diet of these experimental animals demonstrated a weight-reducing effect by lowering the adipose tissue weight and by affecting the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.529-534
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The leaves of Moringa oleifera (MO) and Moringa stenopetala (MS) commonly grown in Ethiopia possess potential nutritional and medicinal value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and functional characteristics of the dried leaf powder from two Moringa species to develop sustainable nutritional supplements for Ethiopians from locally grown plant sources. MATERIALS/METHODS: Freshly harvested and air-dried MO and MS leaves were authenticated and the nutritional contents, such as protein, ash, lipids, and selected vitamins and minerals, were analyzed using standard analytical procedures. Amino acid compositions were also determined by an amino acid analyzer. Nine-week-old mice were randomly divided into four groups to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Moringa. The first group was fed a basal diet, the second group a high-fat diet, and the others were fed a high-fat diet containing 0.1% Moringa leaf powder from each species. After seven weeks, serum indices related to lipid profiles from each mouse were analyzed. RESULTS: The present study revealed high protein (28-29%) and ash (7-11%) contents. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, and leucine were the most abundantly found amino acids in both species. The predominant minerals in the leaf powder were calcium (826-1,530 mg/100 g), potassium (794-904 mg/100 g), and magnesium (286-431 mg/100 g). Pyridoxine (475.06 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (34.2 mg/100 g) were found only in MS. Niacin was found only in MO at 32.21 mg/100 g, whereas ascorbic acid was found in both species (3.89 and 6.19 mg/100 g dry weight for MO and MS, respectively). The results of the animal study showed that mice on a high-fat diet containing 0.1% MO leaf powder alleviated the elevation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol induced by the high fat diet. MO was more effective than MS in preventing hypercholesterolemia and fat deposition. CONCLUSION: The findings in this work confirmed that Moringa leaves of both MO and MS possessed high nutritional value but MO was better at preventing the harmful effects of the high-fat diet than MS.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 1988

The Fucales plants have very homogenous taxonomic characteristics at order level, but show many morphological variatations at species or subspecies levels. This study is one of the serial works to obtain more taxonomic data than morphotaxonomic ones and to clarify the taxonomic ranks and characteristics of Korean Fucales plants through physiological and biochemical analyses. Total lipid compositions of Korean Fucales plants were analyzed by the 3-dimensional TLC method. Major components of phospholipids (PA, PC, PG, PE, DPG, LPE, LPC), neutral fat TG and sterols were commonly contained in each species. Unknown lipids X1, X2 and X3 were contained in genus Sargassum, but Hizikia was lacking X3 and Myagropsis was lacking both X2 and X3. The latter contained unique X8. From the view-point of the phylogeny of lipid metabolism, Sargassum might be more closely related to Hizikia than to Myagropsis. A variant of S. patens from Seongsan showed minute metabolic difference from that of the typical plant; but a variant of S. serratifolium did not show any significant difference from that of the typical plant.