• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2011

Biofilm and aeration tank of pilot and full RABC (rotating activated Bacillus contactor) plant were analyzed to characterize and determine bacterial community structure in food wastewater treatment system at winter. Concentration of heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus group was $10^7$ and $10^5$ CFU/ml, respectively, at biofilm of pilot-plant while others represented $10^6$ and $10^4$ CFU/ml, respectively. Five and eight phyla were detected at biofilm of pilot- and full-plant, respectively, by 16S rDNA sequencing. Biofilm of pilot-plant was dominated by ${\beta}$-Proteobacteria (38.8%), ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria (22.4%), and Bacteroidetes (12.2%), and the most dominant genus was Zoogloeae genus (22.4%). Candidate division TM7 (12.5%) was only detected at biofilm of full-plant and it was dominated by Bacteroidetes (33.3%), ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria (29.2%), and ${\beta}$-Proteobacteria (20.8%). Clostridium genus specific primer set enabled to detect the sequences of Clostridium genus. These suggested that anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were coexisted even from the initial period of biofilm formation and ${\beta}$-Proteobacteria, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were major phyla in biofilm of food wastewater treatment system at winter.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2016

Mongolia has one of the strongest climate warming signals on Earth, and over 40% of the human population depends directly or indirectly on pastoral livestock production for their livelihoods. Thus, climate-driven changes in rangeland production will likely have a major effect on pastoral livelihoods . The loss of species dependent mostly on rainfall has resulted in adverse changes in the botanical composition of the steppes . Summer season in 2015 was completely dry until middle of July and, had not enough vegetation cover as last 15 years. The purpose of this study is to check plant community dynamics in Mongolia in relation to climate change in 2014 and 2015. The study sites were selected in mountain-steppe habitat in central Mongolia. In the 2014, there have been registered 81 plant species of 56 genera of 25 families on the investigated sites and, occurred 57 plant species of 44 genera of 21 families in the 2015. It is concluded that the abundance and richness of plants are directly connected to heavily affect by the climatic factor, i.e. amount of precipitation during growing season. As a same like result of climate change, in Mongolian land is going become desertification, and each spring, soil particles from Mongolia are swept up by a cold air mass into the atmosphere and blasts into south east China, Korea and Japan. The Koreans call this phenomenon the "Fifth season" or "Yellow sand", and the Chinese call it "Yellow dragon".

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1561-1584
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• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and analyzing the correlationship between communities and environmental conditions in Mt. Wolchulsan. We also predicted the succession possibility and the vertical distribution change of vegetations according to the global warming, through the pioneer species of a forest change and dominant species of canopy vegetations. We also analyzed the Raunkiaer's life-form. The communities in this ecotone are distributed vertically in the order of a Quercus acuta community, a Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community and a Q. serrata community. A Pinus densiflora community appears on the most of altitudes. The distribution of communities correlates highly with an altitude. The Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community will be succession to the Q. acuta community, and the Q. variabilis will be under natural selection gradually or remain locally. The Q. serrata community will possibly maintain as it is, and the P. densiflora community will be also under natural selection gradually. The valuable quantitative and numerical life-forms are confirmed and the layer structure of present vegetation will not be changed.

• Plant Resources
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from June to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, Jangteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1,290-1,560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1,680-1,780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductivity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1,550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity, Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 1995

북한산 국립공원 우이령계곡, 하루재계곡, 구기계곡, 송추계곡 도봉산계곡의 식물군집구조분석을 위하여 각 지역에 38, 40, 26, 28, 36개씩의 조사구(조사구면적 100$m^2$)를 설치하고 식생조사를 실시하였으며, 조사된 자료를 종합하여 TWINSPAN에 의한classification과 DCA에 의한 ordination기법을 적용하였다. 전체 조사구는 TWINBPAN에 의하여 서어나무군집 (I), 신갈나무군집 (II), 소나무군집 (III), 신갈나무-소나무군집(IV), 신갈나무-졸참나무-산벚나무군집 (V), 신갈나무-굴참나무군집 (Ⅵ), 아까시나무-상수리나무군집 (Ⅶ), 리기다소나무-졸참나무군집(Ⅷ), 신갈나무-굴참나무-쪽동백나무군집(Ⅸ) 등 9개의 군집으로 분리되었다. 본 조사지의 천이계열은 자연림의 교목층에서는 소나무$\longrightarrow$신갈나무, 인공림에서는 아까시나무, 리기다소나무$\longrightarrow$상수리나무, 물푸레나무 순이었으며, 아교목층과 관목층에서는 바위말발도리, 개옻나무, 산철쭉, 참회나무$\longrightarrow$당단풍, 함박꽃나무, 생강나무 순이었다. 기왕의 연구와 비교하여 인간의 간섭과 대기오염으로 인한 토양산성화 등으로 인해 천이가 진행되지 못하는 것으로 추측되었다.

• 화훼연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2010

본 연구는 상관에 의한 종조성표의 불연속성인 분류법과 연속성인 배열법을 적용하여 한반도 도서지역 춘란 집단의 식물종조성 및 식생을 식물사회학적으로 분석하였다. 자생지 33개소는 평균 해발고도 65.9m이었고, 방향은 동남 사면이었으며, 경사는 평균 7.9%이었다. 조사구 $4m^2$ 면적의 춘란 피도는 4.5%이었다. 춘란과 동반 출현하는 식물은 총 102분류군이었다. 그 중 목본은 68분류군(66.7%)이었고, 초본은 34분류군(33.3%)이었으며, 상록식물은 36분류군(35.3%), 낙엽식물은 66분류군(64.7%)이었다. 춘란과 동반 출현하는 빈도가 가장 높은 식물은 사스레피나무(48.5%)이었으며, 다음으로 곰솔(45.5%), 청미래덩굴(36.4%), 그늘사초(33.3%), 송악(33.3%), 후박나무(30.0%), 때죽나무(30.3%), 소나무(27.3%) 순이었다. 춘란집단의 식물군락은 곰솔군락, 소나무군락, 구실잣밤나무군락, 굴참나무군락으로 구분되었으며, 춘란과 결합력이 강한 식물군락은 곰솔군락이었다. 춘란집단 식물군락의 유사성과 결합양상은 곰솔군락과 구실잣밤나무 군락이 가까웠고, 소나무군락은 굴참나무군락과 가까웠다.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2011년 학술대회 논문집 2호
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• pp.60-62
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• 2010

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2000년도 정기총회 및 학술논문 발표회
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• pp.70-74
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• 2000