• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

Plant cells from which the cell walls have been enzymatically or mechanically removed are called protoplasts. The protoplasts are theoretically totipotent and can be used as sources of somatic cell fusion in practical breeding programs. Wild Solanum species have often been used as sources of important agricultural traits including diverse disease resistance. However, they cannot often be directly applied to breeding programs due to their sexual incompatibility with S. tuberosum. Somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion is one of the ideal methods to overcome this limitation and to introgress certain traits into S. tuberosum. This technique has still widely been used in potato since the first fusion was reported in 1970s. Therefore, this review highlights general perspectives of protoplast fusion and discusses the application of protoplast fusion in potato breeding.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2010

Drought, salinity and flooding are three important abiotic factors limiting soybean production worldwide. Irrigation, soil reclamation, and drainage systems are not generally available or economically feasible for soybean production. Therefore, productive soybean varieties with tolerance are a cost effective means for reducing yield losses due to these factors. Genetic variability for higher tolerance to drought, salt and flooding is important. However, only a small portion of nearly 200,000 world soybean accessions have been screened to find genotypes with tolerance for use in breeding programs. Evaluation for tolerance to drought, salinity and flooding is difficult due to lack of faster, cost effective, repeatable screening methods. Soybean strains with higher tolerance to the above stresses have been identified. Crosses with lines with drought, salt and flooding tolerance through conventional breeding has made a significant contribution to improving tolerance to abiotic stress in soybean. Molecular markers associated with tolerance to drought, salt and flooding will allow faster, reliable screening for these traits. Germplasm resources, genome sequence information and various genomic tools are available for soybean. Integration of genomic tools coupled with well-designed breeding strategies and effective uses of these resources will help to develop soybean varieties with higher tolerance to drought, salt and flooding.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2018

The demand for crop production is increasingly becoming steeper due to the rapid population growth. As a result, breeding cycles should be faster than ever before. However, the current breeding methods cannot meet this requirement because traditional phenotyping methods lag far behind even though genotyping methods have been drastically developed with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology over a short period of time. Consequently, phenotyping has become a bottleneck in large-scale genomics-based plant breeding studies. Recently, however, phenomics, a new discipline involving the characterization of a full set of phenotypes in a given species, has emerged as an alternative technology to come up with exponentially increasing genomic data in plant breeding programs. There are many advantages for using new technologies in phenomics. Yet, the necessity of diverse man power and huge funding for cutting-edge equipment prevent many researchers who are interested in this area from adopting this new technique in their research programs. Currently, only a limited number of groups mostly in developed countries have initiated phenomic studies using high throughput methods. In this short article, we describe the strategies to compete with those advanced groups using limited resources in developing countries, followed by a brief introduction of high throughput phenotyping.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2023

Background: The genus Panax in the Araliaceae family has been used as traditional medicinal plants worldwide and is known to biosynthesize ginsenosides and phytosterols. However, genetic variation between Panax species has influenced their biosynthetic pathways is not fully understood. Methods: Simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes obtained from adventitious roots of two tetraploid species (Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius) and two diploid species (P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis) revealed the diversity of their metabolites and related gene expression profiles. Results: The transcriptome analysis showed that 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASEs (OSCs) involved in phytosterol biosynthesis are upregulated in the diploid species, while the expression of OSCs contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis is higher in the tetraploid species. In agreement with these results, the contents of dammarenediol-type ginsenosides were higher in the tetraploid species relative to the diploid species. Conclusion: These results suggest that a whole-genome duplication event has influenced the triterpene biosynthesis pathway in tetraploid Panax species during their evolution or ecological adaptation. This study provides a basis for further efforts to explore the genetic variation of the Panax genus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.223-233
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• 2013

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most destructive viruses of rice, and greatly reduces rice production in China, Japan, and Korea, where mostly japonica cultivars of rice are grown. RSV is transmitted by the small brown plant-hopper (SBPH) in a persistent and circulative-propagative manner. Several methods have been developed for detection of RSV, which is composed of four single-stranded RNAs that encode seven proteins. Genome sequence data and comparative phylogenetic analysis have been used to identify the origin and diversity of RSV isolates. Several rice varieties resistant to RSV have been selected and QTL analysis and fine mapping have been intensively performed to map RSV resistance loci or genes. RSV genes have been used to generate several genetically modified transgenic rice plants with RSV resistance. Recently, genome-wide transcriptome analyses and deep sequencing have been used to identify mRNAs and small RNAs involved in RSV infection; several rice host factors that interact with RSV proteins have also been identified. In this article, we review the current statues of RSV research and propose integrated approaches for the study of interactions among RSV, rice, and the SBPH.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2017

Background: Various Panax ginseng cultivars exhibit a range of diversity for morphological and physiological traits. However, there are few studies on diversity of metabolic profiles and genetic background to understand the complex metabolic pathway in ginseng. Methods: To understand the complex metabolic pathway and related genes in ginseng, we tried to conduct integrated analysis of primary metabolite profiles and related gene expression using five ginseng cultivars showing different morphology. We investigated primary metabolite profiles via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed transcriptomes by Illumina sequencing using adventitious roots grown under the same conditions to elucidate the differences in metabolism underlying such genetic diversity. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that primary metabolite profiling allowed us to classify the five cultivars into three independent groups and the grouping was also explained by eight major primary metabolites as biomarkers. We selected three cultivars (Chunpoong, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang) to represent each group and analyzed their transcriptomes. We inspected 100 unigenes involved in seven primary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and found that 21 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were differentially expressed among the three cultivars. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed that the ginseng cultivars differ in primary metabolites as well as in the putative genes involved in the complex process of primary metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our data derived from this integrated analysis provide insights into the underlying complexity of genes and metabolites that co-regulate flux through these pathways in ginseng.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2015

색도는 고추의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요인으로, 색도 측정을 위해 high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), thin layer chromatography(TLC), ASTA-20 방법 등이 활용되고 있다. 특히 ASTA-20 방법은 간단하고 정확하게 다수의 시료에 대한 색도 분석을 수행할 수 있다는 장점 덕분에 주로 사용된다. 하지만 전처리 과정에 시간이 많이 소요되고 아세톤과 같은 폐시약이 발생한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ASTA-20 방법을 대체하기 위하여 Vis/NIR 초분광 분석법을 활용한 빠른 색도 분석법을 개발하고자 하였다. ASTA-20 방법과 Vis/NIR 초분광 분석법의 상관관계를 분석하기 위하여 총 488점 고춧가루의 색도를 두 가지 방법으로 측정하였다. 이후 무작위로 선발한 366개의 시료를 이용하여 Vis/NIR 초분광 분석법으로 측정한 값으로부터 ASTA 값을 예측하는 부분최소자승법(PLS) 모델을 확립하였다. 모델 개발에 활용하지 않은 122개 시료의 ASTA 값을 PLS 모델을 이용하여 예측하고, ASTA-20 방법으로 측정한 값과 비교해본 결과, 매우 유의성 있는 상관관계($R^2=0.88$)를 나타내 Vis/NIR 초분광 분석법의 신뢰도를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 간편하고 빠른 ASTA 값 측정 방법은 전처리 단계를 요구하지 않고, 30분 이내에 100개 시료에 대한 분석을 수행할 수 있어 다수의 고춧가루 색도를 빠르게 측정하는데 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대한다.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2011

Mushrooms belonging to macrofungi have been consumed by humans for their nutritional and medicinal values for centuries throughout the world. Mushroom farming is practiced in more than 100 countries of the world, with production increasing at a rate of 7% per annum. High yield and good quality are always the principal goals for agriculturally important crops, including mushrooms. Several breeding methods are employed for strain improvement such as mass selection based on the natural chance mutation and induced mutation (mutation breeding), protoplast fusion technology, cross breeding and transgenic breeding. However, mutation breeding has shown prominent success in crop plant improvement. Though several-hundred mutant crop varieties have been developed around the world, the mutation breeding of mushrooms is limited. This review paper explores the potential application of radiation on the development of mutant varieties of mushrooms for breeding with desired traits such as better quality and productivity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2005

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a recently developed gene transcript suppression technique for characterizing the function of plant genes. However, efficient VIGS has only been studied in a few plant species. In order to extend the application of VIGS, we examined whether a VIGS vector based on TRV would produce recognizable phenotypes in soybean. Here, we report that VIGS using the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) viral vector can be used in several soybean cultivars employing various agro-inoculation methods including leaf infiltration, spray inoculation, and agrodrench. cDNA fragments of the soybean phytoene desaturase(PDS) was inserted into TRV RNA-2 vector. By agrodrench, we successfully silenced the expression of PDS encoding gene in soybean. The silenced phenotype of PDS was invariably obvious 3 weeks after inoculation with the TRV-based vector. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that the endogenous level of GmPDS transcripts was dramatically reduced in the silenced leaf tissues. These observations confirm that the silenced phenotype is closely correlated with the pattern of tissue expression. The TRV-based VIGS using agrodrench can be applied to functional genomics in a soybean plants to study genes involved in a wide range of biological processes. To our knowledge, this is the first high frequency VIGS method in soybean plants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.637-643
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is one of the world's most valuable medicinal plants with numerous pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been cultivated from wild mountain ginseng collections for a few hundred years. However, the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild ginseng populations is not fully understood. Methods: We developed 92 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on whole-genome sequence data. We selected five markers that represent clear allele diversity for each of their corresponding loci to elucidate genetic diversity. These markers were applied to 147 individual plants, including cultivars, breeding lines, and wild populations in Korea and neighboring countries. Results: Most of the 92 markers displayed multiple-band patterns, resulting from genome duplication, which causes confusion in interpretation of their target locus. The five high-resolution markers revealed 3 to 8 alleles from each single locus. The proportion of heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.027 to 0.190, with an average of 0.132, which is notably lower than that of previous studies. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.199 to 0.701, with an average of 0.454. There was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between cultivated and wild ginseng groups, and they showed intermingled positioning in the phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion: Ginseng has a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and cultivated and wild groups have similar levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that current breeding populations have abundant genetic diversity for breeding of elite ginseng cultivars.