• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1125-1142
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• 2016

Tunneling is one of the challenging tasks in civil engineering because it involves a variety of decision making and engineering judgment based on knowledge and experience. One of the challenges is to construct tunnels in risky areas under shallow overburden. In order to prevent the collapse of ceilings and walls of a large tunnels, in such conditions, either a sequential excavation method (SEM) or ground reinforcing method, or a combination of both, can be utilized. This research deals with the numerical modeling of L-profiles and pipe fore-poling pre-support systems in the adit tunnel in northwestern Iran. The first part of the adit tunnel has been drilled in alluvial material with very weak geotechnical parameters. Despite applying an SEM in constructing this tunnel, analyzing the results of numerical modeling done using FLAC3D, as well as observations during drilling, indicate the tunnel instability. To improve operational safety and to prevent collapse, pre-support systems, including pipe fore-poling and L-profiles were designed and implemented. The results of the numerical modeling coupled with monitoring during operation, as well as the results of instrumentation, indicate the efficacy of both these methods in tunnel collapse prevention. Moreover, the results of modeling using FLAC3D and SECTION BUILDER suggest a double angle with equal legs ($2L100{\times}100{\times}10mm$) in both box profile and tee array as an alternative section to pipe fore-poling system while neither $L80{\times}80{\times}8mm$ nor $2L80{\times}80{\times}8mm$ can sustain the axial and shear stresses exerted on pipe fore-poling system.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.299-309
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• 1997

Soil and rock improvement and reinforcement techniques are applied to achieve safe tunnel excavation in difficult geological conditions. The Umbrella Arch Method(UAM), one of the auxiliary techniques, is used to reduce ground permeability and improve stabtility of the tunnel by inserting a series of steel pipes into ground around the crown inclined to the longitudinal axis of the tunnel. Additionally, multi-step grouting is added through the steel pipes. UAM combines the advantages of a modern forepoling system with the grouting injection method. This technique has been applied in subway, road and utility tunneling sites for the last few years in Korea. This paper presents the results of analysis of the case studies on ground movements associated with UAM used in the Seoul Subway line 5 constructon site. Improvement of tunnel stability and decrease of ground settlement expected with pipe insertion are also discussed. Finally, the method to minimize ground settlements caused by NATM tunnelling are suggested.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.298-305
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• 1996

Grouting technique is frequently used where a tunnel structure is passing through the shallow overburden area or where the thickness of hard rock above the tunnel is rather thin. However, engineering background on design process of the grout reinforcement does not seem to be fully understood until now. Mechanics of composite material is, therefore, introduced in this study to investigate the orthotropic material properties of the composites containing soil(or rock) and grouting material. These orthotropic material properties can be used to represent the reinfocement effects quantitatively. The model developed in this study is next applied to a typical tunnel structure and the grouting effect is analyzed numerically. The idea used in this study can be expanded to a situation where a pipe roofing or a forepoling technique is adopted and a simplified design procedure, similar to the model model introduced in this study, can be developed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.87-92
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• 2000

In excavation of tunnels especially located in shallow depth, it is not rare to meet geological change in excavation progress worse than expected in the initial design stage. This paper present a case study on the re-design of excavation and support system of a shallow tunnel under construction where it meets the unexpected bad geological condition during excavation. The detailed geological investigation shows that the rock mass is heavily weathered and fractured with RMR value less than 20. Considering this geological condition, the design concept is focused on the reinforcement of the ground preceding the excavation of tunnel. Two design patterns, LW-grouting & forepoling with pilot tunnelling method and the steel pipe reinforced grouting method, are suggested. Numerical analysis by FLAC shows that these two patterns give the tunnel and roof ground stable in excavation process while the original design causes severe failure zone around the tunnel and floor heaving. In point of the mechanical stability and the degree of construction, the steel pipe reinforced grouting technique proved to be good for the reinforcement of heavily fractured rock mass in tunnelling. This assessment and design process would be a guide in the construction of tunnels in heavily weathered and fractured rock mass situation.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.209-225
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• 1998

최근터널 굴착 보조공법중의 하나인 강관 보강형 다단 그라우팀 공법(Umbrella Arch Method, UAM)은 지반을 보강하고 터널 막장의 안정성을 증진시키기 위해서 많은 현장에서 사용되고 있다. 이러한 UAM은 터널 보강목적의 forepoling과 차수목적으 grouting이 한 공정으로 구성되어 있다는 잇점 때문에, 최근 국내 지하철, 도로터널 및 전력구터널 등에서 많은 적용 사례를 찾아 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이 공법은 주로 현장 시공을 통해서 얻어진 경험적인 방법에 의해서 설계와 시공이 이루어지고 있기 때문에 본 공법에 대한 보다 정량적이고 체계적인 설계인자 평가 작업이 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 수치해석 방법에 의한 체계적이고 정량적인 효과확인 과정을 제안하였고, 몇몇 설계인자에 대한 매개변수 변환연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해서 먼저, UAM의 지반보강기구에 있어서 관련된 강관, 그라우트재 및 강지보재등의 역할을 밝히고자 하였고, 두 번째로 매개변수 변환연구를 통해 UAM의 설계 제요소들에 대한 영향을 평가하기 위해 1)지반조건별, 2) 토피고별, 3) 강관배치형상별, 4) 그라우트 영역별, 5)강관자체 특성별 해석을 수행하여 각 항목별로 상호 비교.분석하였다.