• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1970

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the behavior of nutrition absorption and the acid tolerance, on varying soil pH levels, of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, PInus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Abies holophylla which are 6 month old seedlings through examinations of the absorption behavior, the acid and alkali tolerance of N,P,K, Ca and Fe in the sand culture media with artificially controlled pH. 1. The increase rate of dry matter conditioned by the behavior of nutrition absorption in a strong acidic condition (pH3) was found in the following decreasing order of Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii. This order, therefore, can also be said to apply to the case of acid tolerance. 2. The increase rate of dry matter in a strong alkaline condition (pH9) was found in the following decreasing order of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies hoplohylla, Larix leptolepis. This order, therefore can be said to apply to the case of alkali tolerance. 3. Considering the absorption behavior of K and Ca, it is possible to decide the tolerance of acid from the absorption behavior and it can be said that if the absorption quantity is K>Ca the acid tolerance is strong and vice versa. 4. Considering the ratio of K:Fe and Ca:Fe in this experiment, a strong acid tolerance shows a higher ratio of K/Fe and vice versa. And also a strong acid tolerance shows a lower ratio of Ca/Fe and vice versa. It is therefore possible to decide the acid tolerance from the absorption behavior of K, Ca and Fe. 5. Of the tree species subjected to this experiment, Pinus thunbergii was the strongest in both acid and alkali tolerance. 6. In spite of that in all species the dry weight in the root is smailer than that in the top, the quantity of Fe contained in the root was larger than that in the top.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.345-359
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• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate genetic variation of Pinus densiflora in Kyungpook province which shows morphological variation between northern and southern types. Six isozymes sueh as IDH, ME, PGI, ADH, GOT and LAP was analyzed using megagametophyte tissue of seeds by electrophoresis and 16 populations of Pinus densiflora and 5 of Pinus thunbergii were tested. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. In P. densiflora, 13 Loci were found in 6 isozymes and 8 loci of them were polymorphic, having 24 alleles, while in Pinus thunbergii, there were 18 alleles detected from 6 loci among the same number of loci as in Pinus densiflora. 2. The genotypic frequency in Pinus densiflora vary slightly among populations for some isozymes, but most of them satisfied the law of Hardy-Weinherg equilibrium, while some populations such as Youngil for ADH and LAY, Youngyang for ADH and Bonghwa for LAY did not follow the law and showed high fixation index values and homozygosities higher than expected. 3. The variation among populations based on the genetic distance was small except populations of Youngju, Baegam, Gyungju and Sangju, however they could be clustered by three groups : northern Kyungpook group including Mt. Taebak, inland Kyungpook group represented by Sungju, Eusung and Kumleung population and coastal Kyungpook group represented by Baegam and Gyungju population. 4. No significant difference was found in 6 isozymes between northern and southern types of Pinus densiflora which was morphologically different. 5. The frequency of heterozygous loci per tree was higher in Pinus densiflora especially for ME-A and A DH-B, while that of homozygous loci was higher in Pinus thunbergii except for ADH-B, LAY-B and PGI-B locus.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.69-71
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• 2008

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-34
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.134-134
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.369-380
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• 2013

This study was carried out to provide basic data for conservation management of Pinus densiflora forest and to predict ecological succession tendency by analyzing plant community structure and change of Pinus densiflora community structure for twenty two years in Yongmun-sa (Temple) Valley, Yangpyeong-gun. According to the analysis of actual vegetation, Pinus densiflora community accounted for 51.3% of the total vegetation in the area. Nineteen plots were classified into four community types. The Shannon's species diversity index (H') showed from 0.5110 to 1.3101. There were distributed Pinus densiflora in age from 48 to 89, Quercus serrata in age from 31 to 63, Carpinus laxiflora in age from 26 to 61. According to the analysis of the change for twenty-two years, Pinus densiflora community was maintained or decreased and competitive species (Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata) were increased. The ecological succession tendency was predicted Pinus densiflora community develop into Quercus serrata, lastly into Carpinus laxiflora and Carpinus cordata.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 1993

There are a lot of serious problums associated with conventional pulping processes, such as kraft and sulfite. In order to tackle these difficulties, organic acid pulping of Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Pinus densiflora S. et Z. have been investigated as on alternative method. The acetic acid cooking of Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee achieved good delignification with pulp yields of 55-65% under almost all cooking conditions. In the acetic acid cooking of Pinus densiflora S. et Z., it was not cooked at a low temperature. The strength properties of the acetic acid pulps from Pinus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee showed the optimum with 95% acetic acid concentration at $185^{\circ}C$ maximum cooking temperature for 0.5hr cooking time. The strength properties of the acetic acid pulps from Pinus densiflora S. et Z. displayed excellent tear strength in comparison with those of the other softwoods. In the process of acetic acid cooking, glucose has been removed a little, but other sugars have been eliminated. The elemental compositions and $C_9$ formulas of acetosolv lignins from Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee were 63.88% carbon, 5.45% hydrogen and 30.67% oxygen and $C_9H_{9.15}O_{3.24}$ The elemental compositions and $C_9$ formulas of acetosolv lignins from Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were 61.85% carbon, 6.14% hydrogen and 32.01% oxygen and $C_9H_{9.15}O_{3.50}$ The Wt. av. MWT's of the acetosolv lignins from Pinus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were 731 and 725.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.234-246
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• 1992

This study was conducted to determine the toxic effects of air pollutants on landscaping tress, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis and their resistance to the pollutant toxicity in urban and industrial regions of Seoul and Taejon, Korea. Total sulfur contents and enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were analyzed in tree foliage of Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis. In addition, POD activity was analyzed in the foliage on tree seedlings, i.e. Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Lirioderdron tulipifera, with the fumigation of $SO_2$ in gas chamber 4 hours a day for six days. In Ginkgo biloba total sulfur content and POD activity had a negative correlation while other species had a positive relationship in total sulfur content and enzyme activity. Air pollutants accumulated in tree tissues were supposed to enhance the enzyme activity like POD providing the resistance mechanisms. Especially Pinus koraiensis and Platanus occidentalis had higher POD activity than other species. The increase of temporary POD activity against environmental stress appeared in sensitive trees and prolonged increase of POD activity played an important role in resistance mechanism. SOD and POD activities in all species had a positive correlation except Ginkgo biloba. Changes of SOD and POD activities were different between species and in most species SOD as well as POD seemed to participate in resistance mechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.407-421
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• 2000

The forest vegetation surrounding Taegu area was investigated by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology, from September, 1994 to August, 1997. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, 8 subcommunities and 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community (Typical subcommunity, Carex siderosticta subcommunity), Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus dentate community, Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community (Typical subcommunity, Quercus serrata subcommunity, Cornus controversa subcommunity), Pinus densiflora community (Typical subcommunity, Sanguisorba officinalis subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Lespedeza maximowiczii-Rhododendron mucronulatum community , Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Larix leptolepis afforestation, Pinus thunbergii afforestation, Pinus koraiensis afforestation. The differential species of the Quercus mongolica community were Quercus mongolica, Athyrium yokoscense, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Weigela subsessilis, and Melampyrum roseum, those of the Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community were Acer mono, Carpinus cordata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Staphylea bumalda, those of the Pinus densiflora community were Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Cocculus trilobus, and Juniperus rigida. Constance degree of the Quercus serrate was especially high in shrub and herb layers of the Pinus densiflora community. The results of factor analysis by DCA showed that distribution pattern of the communities were similar to that by Z-M method and that communities were arranged according to soil moisture gradient. Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity of the P. densiflora community and the Typical subcommunity of the Q. mongolica community were distributed in similar environments.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1991

The study was performed to select a adaptable tree species under stressed field conditions where there are a industrial plants operating with a number of smoke stacks emitting pollutants, such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide. As a result of the study, a tree species selected are due to construct a forest belt in a zones near industrial plants to reduce the concentrations of air pollutants. The concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide were very higher at experimental sites near industrial plants (air-pollution sites) than at control site. The leaves of 7 tree species grown at air pollution sites contained more sulfur and, specially, fluorine than at those control site. Among the tested tree species, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. and Euonymus japonica Thunb. grown at air pollution sites did not at all break out a foliar injury but appeared to be healthy, as well as those grown at control site. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom., Pinus virginiana Mill., Larix leptolepis Gordon., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus strobus L., Picea abies Karst and Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc., however, showed a severe fluoride-type foliar injury such as necrosis on tip or margin of leaves, etc. Fluorine found in leaves was proved to be correlated to sulfur found in leaves whereas index of foliar injury hadn't a good correlation to pollutants found in leaves. It appears that Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonica Thunb., Platanus acerifolia Willd, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Sophora japonica L. grown at both experimental sites had a high value of percent survival whereas Pinus virginiana Mill., Pinus koraiensis Sib. et Zucc., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. and Alnus hirsuta Rupr. had an extremely low value of that. In comparison with control site, the percent tree height increments in Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Pinus thunbergii Parl and Euonymus japonica Thunb. and the percent upmost root diameters in Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara and Pinus thunbergii Parl. cultivated at air polluted sites showed very high value above 90%, respectively. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.662) was recognized between the index of foliage injury and the percent collective character, which was the mean of tree characters such as percent survival, percent tree height increment and percent upmost root diameter increment which compared to those at air polluted site with those at control site. Based on the percent collective character Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandlosa T. Lee, Betula platyphyla var. japonica Hara and Platanus occidentalis L. have large value about 90%, respectively. Therefore, the results indicate that this tree species are adaptable species in air polluted regions. For better understanding of the adaptable tree species, furthur studies concerning the effects of various air pollutants on the tree growth are required.