• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1986

Fourteen volatile components including eight allypyrocatechol analogs were isolated and identified from the essential oil and ether soluble fraction of Philippine Piper bettle leaves (Piperaceae). The major constituents of Philippine Piper betle oil were chavibetol and chavibetol acetate. Capilary GC analysis of the oil showed chavibetol (53.1%), chavibetol acetate (15.5%), caryophyllene (3.79%), allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48), chavibetol methylether (=methyl eugenol, 0.48%), eugenol (0/32%), $\alpha$-pinene(0.21%), $\beta$-pinene(0.21%), $\alpha$-limonene(0.14%), safrole (0.11%), 1.8-cineol(0.04%), and allylpyrocatechol monoacetate. The major component of the ether soluble fraction was allylpyrocatechol (2.38% of the leaves).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.610-616
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• 2002

The growth-inhibiting effects of Pinus densiflpora leaf-derived materials on nine human intestinal bacteria were investigated using the impregnated paper disk method, and their activities were compared with those of 13 commercially available terpenes. The biologically active constituent of the extract of P densiflora leaf was characterized as the monoterpene (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene by various spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied according to bacterial strain, chemicals, and dose. At 10 mg/disk, limonene and (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene strongly inhibited the growth of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, without adverse effects on the growth of five lactic acid-bacteria (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. casei). Little or no inhibition against seven bacteria was observed with anethole, borneol, camphor, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, estragole, linalool, and $\alpha$-terpineol. Structure-activity relationship revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. Furthermore, the growth-inhibition against L. casei was much more pronounced in (1R)-(+)-$\beta$- and (In-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes than (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$- and (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-pinenes. These results indicate that the (+)-$\alpha$ form seems to be required against C. perfringens and $\beta$ form against L. casei for growth-inhibiting activity. Morphologically, most strains of C. perfringens were damaged and disappeared at 5 and 2 mg/disk of (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene. Morphological study revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S)-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. As naturally occurring growth-inhibiting agents, the Pinus leaf-derived materials described above could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria such as clostridia.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1989

Volatile terpenes responsible for allelopathic activity in four weed species were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Artemisia asiatica Nakai contained 26 volatile terpenes, consisting of 16 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes, whereas there were only four terpenes in Trifolium repens L. and three terpenes each in Portulaca oleracea L. and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L,) Medik. Suspected allelochemics were ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, borneol, selinene, and caryophyllene in A. asiatica, ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in T. repens, and ${\alpha}$-pinene in C. bursapastoris. No these compounds were found in P. oleracea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2003

Volatile components in the leaves and fruits of Z. schinjfolium and Z. piperitum were analyzed by Headspace SPME(Solid phase Microextraction). Fifty two and 48 components in the leaves and fruits, repectively, were identified in Z. schinifolium. (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene$, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, estragole, germacrene-d were detected at common components in the leaves and estragole in the fruits of Z. schinjfolium. Regardless of collection sites hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanol were appeared in the leaves while undecanone in the fruits. Thirty and 27 components in the leaves and fruits, respectively, were identified in Z. piperitum. ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\beta}-phellandrene$, 1,8-cineole, citronellal and myrcene, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ were appeared as common components in the leaves and fruits collected from Baeck-yang-sa and Nae-jang-sa. (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene\;myrcene\;and\;{\beta}-phellandrene$, citronellal, geranyl acetate were major components in the leaves and fruits from Tong-do-sa.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

The volatile aroma of fresh leaves is one of main factor in taste of all the edible green plants. The volatile aroma in almost edible green leaves are suggested as essential oil compounds. Ligularia fischeri, Synurus deltoides, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis and Aster scaber are one of the favourable edible green plants in Korea. In this study, volatile aroma compounds from Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis species were analyzed by the SPME/GC/MSD method. Ligularia fischeri had 78 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(20.28%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 14.15%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(12.85%), 3-carene, ${\beta}$-cubebene(10.39%), etc. Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis had 83 volatile aroma compounds such as D-limonene(36.97%), ${\beta}$-cubebene(13.95%), L-${\beta}$-pinene(13.38%), ${\alpha}$-pinene(dextro, 4.76%), caryophylle-ne(3.33%) etc. Conclusively, the commom volatile aroma compounds in Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis leaves were D-limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, L-${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-cubebene, Caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-farnesene, terpinolen. However, the composition and amount of volatile aroma compounds were very different between the two species.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.536-540
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• 1997

Volatile terpenoids of carrots were measured by the direct headspace sampling method(DHS) with gas chromatography as a study for the breeding of high quality carrots. Using this method, 7 terpenoids such as ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, ${\alpha}-terpinene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, and terpinolene were clearly separated. However ${\alpha}-phellandrene$ was not clearly separated from ${\beta}-myrcene$. In addition to this, higher boiling point compounds such as terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate, and ${\alpha}-bisbolol$ were not found. The coefficients of $determination(r^2)$ for the 7 terpenoids were higher than 0.99 and the standard curves were highly significant. Four replicated samples using this method demonstrated great reproducibility; the coefficidnt of variation (C.V.) for ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, terpinolene, and total terpenoids were 6.8, 6.8, 8.4, 7.1, 3.8, 10.1, 7.1%. Sixty five carrot cultivars breeded worldwide were evaluated for the 7 terpenoids and total terpenoids; the range for ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, ${\alpha}-terpinene$, limonene, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, terpinolene, and total terpenoids were $0.28{\sim}2.48\;ppm$, $0.35{\sim}1.87\;ppm$, $0.56{\sim}1.51\;ppm$, 0 ppm, $0.59{\sim}1.84\;ppm$, $0.87{\sim}3.33\;ppm$, $5.15{\sim}35.81\;ppm$, and $9.07{\sim}42.30\;ppm$, respectively. Big differences in each terpenoid and total terpenoids were found among cultivars. On the total terpenoids of the 65 cultivars, 5 cultivars(7.7%) contained less than 10 ppm, 15 cultivars (23.1%) $10{\sim}11.99\;ppm$, 14 cultivars(21.5%) $12{\sim}13.99\;ppm$, 9 cultivars(13.8%) $14{\sim}15.99\;ppm$, 10 cultivars(15.4%) $16{\sim}17.99\;ppm$, 4 cultivars(6.2%) $18{\sim}19.99\;ppm$, 5 cultivars(7.7%) $20{\sim}29.99\;ppm$, and 3 cultivars(4.6%) were higher than 30 ppm. Generally, cultivars developed in Japan contained less total terpenoids than cultivars developed in Europe and America.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2002

The compositions of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Chrysanthemum boreale and C. indicum by steam distillation were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Ninty-four components were identified in the essential oil from C. boreale, with camphor (15.40% as GC peak area), cir-chrysanthenol (14.11%), ${\alpha}-thujone$ (13.27%), 1,8-cineole (4.16%), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (3.80%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (3.58%), gremacrene D (2.69%), camphene (2.40%), umbellulone (2.24%) and ${\beta}-pinene$ (2.00%) as the major constituents. In the oil from C. indicum, the major constituents among 80 components identified were germacrene D (16.50%), camphor (10.04%), ${\alpha}-thujone$ (6.40%), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (4.50%), ${\alpha}-cadinol$ (3.97%), camphene (3.82%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (3.67%), zingiberene (3.64%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.45%), piperitone (3.09%), 1,8-cineole (2.61%) and chrysanthenone (2.42%). The oil from C. boreale, although similar to that from C. indicum in many respects, contained proportionately higher levels of camphor, cis-chrysanthenol, ${\alpha}-thujone$, 1,8-cineole and umbellulone, while that from C. indicum contained higher levels of germacrene D, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, ${\alpha}-cadinol$, zingiberene, cis-chrysanthenol and piperitone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1871-1880
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• 2014

Headspace volatile compounds of leaf, stem, and root of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (PJT) harvested in March and July were isolated, separated, and identified by using a combined system of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Identified numbers of volatile compounds were 72, 75, and 63 in March PJT as well as 78, 73, and 69 in July, respectively. Total compounds identified from PJT consisted of alcohols (1~7), aldehydes (7~15), esters (1~4), hydrocarbons (5~9), ketones (1~2), monoterpenes (13~16), monoterpene alcohols (1~5), monoterpene aldehydes (2~4), monoterpene esters (1~4), monoterpene ketones (1~2), sesquiterpenes (16~24), and miscellaneous compounds (2~3). Major volatile compounds of PJT were monoterpenes at all harvest times and in all parts of PJT. The amounts of ${\beta}$-pinene in leaf and stem harvested in March were highest in monoterpenes, followed by ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-myrcene. However, amounts of volatile compounds of monoterpenes in leaf and stem from July PJT were in the decreasing order of ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, and ${\beta}$-myrcene. Of the 39 sesquiterpenes identified in PJT, (E)-caryophyllene in March leaf was the most abundant volatile compound, followed by acoradiene in March leaf, ${\beta}$-elemene, and ${\alpha}$-copaene in July stem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2021

In this research, monoterpene emissions were investigated from pine trees(Pinus densiflora) and in the forest air in Simwon village at the Jiri Mountain. Air samples from an enclosed chamber and pine forest air were collected using a Tenax TA Tube five times a day(at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, and 17:00) on 1 day per month from March to November 2014. Selected needles and branches from individual pine trees were enclosed for the measurement of their monoterpene emissions. The concentration and composition of emitted monoterpenes were analyzed in a time series. The major components of monoterpenes emitted from pine trees were α-pinene, β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, and β-pinene. Seasonal data showed that the concentration of monoterpenes emitted from pine trees began increasing in June and reached its peak in August, decreasing thereafter. In addition, seasonal emissions of monoterpenes were dependent on environmental factors such as temperature. The major species of monoterpenes in forest air were α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene. The concentration of monoterpenes in forest air began rising from March to April and reached its peak in May; multiple peaks subsequently formed in July and November. Diurnal variation in monoterpenes decreased from 09:00-10:00, reaching a low and high at 13:00-14:00 and 17:00-18:00, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2008

The pine sawyer, Monochamus saltuarius Gebler (Colepotera: Cerambycidae) was newly known as a vector of pinewood nematode causing the pine wilt disease in Korean white pine (P. koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) forestry. Recently, it has a serious problem to spread fast and widely throughout Korea by transferring M. saltuarius. For the control of M. saltuarius, this study was investigated the attractants by analyzing from the Korean white pine. Major components of Korean white pine was analyzed as $\alpha$-pinene and ethanol, and reported as an attractant against Monochamus genus. Ipsenol and ipsdienol, the pheromones of Ips genus known as attractant components of woodboring beetles, were tested to the attractive efficacy against Monochamus saltuarius. The attractive efficacy showed 67.9% of Ipsenol plus ipsdienol and ipsenol, ipsdienol mixed with $\alpha$-pinene plus ethanol was showed 67.7% and 79.3%, respectively. Especially, ipsdienol with $\alpha$-pinene and ethanol was shown the high synergy effect, and the attractant effect was higher at M. saltuarius female than male.