• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권11호
• /
• pp.1153-1161
• /
• 2005

서로 다른 장소에서 소나무잎과 토양을 채취하여 그 중에 침착된 PCDD/Fs의 농도와 homologue별 농도분포 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 소나무잎중 PCDD/Fs homologue 농도분율은 소나무잎중 ${\sum}PCDD/Fs$ 농도가 낮은 지역일수록 염소치환수가 많은 homologue의 농도분율은 낮아지고 염소치환수가 적은 homologue의 농도분율은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 토양중 PCDD/Fs homologue 농도분율은 소나무잎중 ${\sum}PCDD/Fs$ 농도가 낮은 지역일수록 염소치환수가 적은 homologue의 농도분율은 감소하였고 염소치환수가 많은 homologue의 농도분율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 소나무잎에 침착된 PCDD/Fs 농도는 대기중 PCDD/Fs 농도에 의존하지만 토양에 침착된 PCDD/Fs 농도는 대기중 PCDD/Fs 농도와 동시에 토양중 유기물의 농도에도 의존하였다. 그러므로 대기중 PCDD/Fs의 passive sampler로는 토양보다 소나무잎이 더 적합하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권9호
• /
• pp.1262-1266
• /
• 2005

Twelve Korean native goats, spontaneously infected with mixed species of Eimeria were used to study the possible direct anticoccidial effect of feeding condensed tannin-containing plants on the production of Eimeria oocysts. The effects of feeding pine (Pinus densifora) needles, oak (Quercus acutissima) leaves and lucerne chaff on coccidia oocyst output were studied for a period of 10 days post-feeding. The results indicate that feeding fresh pine needles (40 g condensed tannins (CT) dry matter (DM)/day/goat) and oak leaves (40 g CT DM/day/goat) in combination with lucerne chaff had rapid anticoccidial activities in goats as demonstrated by a sharp decrease in oocyst production. Two days after feeding, the numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) from the goats fed pine needles with lucerne chaff, and from goats fed oak leaves reduced by 40% and 44% compared to pre-feeding, respectively. On the sixth day after commencing feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the reduction was 81% and 72%, respectively. Ten days after feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the OPG was reduced by 93% and 85%, respectively compared to pre-feeding. Statistical analysis showed that feeding pine needles and oak leaves to goats naturally infected with coccidia significantly (p<0.001) reduced the numbers of oocysts compared to the control group fed lucerne chaff only. Four clinically important species of coccidia, Eimeria parva, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were identified in Korean native goats.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2015

Objectives: Pine needles were used as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study was performed to investigate concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) deposited on pine needles near a waste incinerator and PCDD/Fs source contributions using principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: Two-year-old pine needles were sampled at 11 points with respect to distance and wind direction from the incinerator. PCDD/Fs deposited on pine needles were analyzed with HRGC/HRMS. The source contribution of PCA was calculated with SPSS. Results: The average concentration of PCDD/Fs deposited on pine needle was 0.79 (0.27-1.76) pg TEQ/g dry, PCDDs with 0.24 (0.01-0.95) pg TEQ/g dry and PCDFs with 0.56 (0.27-0.82) pg TEQ/g dry, respectively. The average concentration fraction of PCDDs was 29.7%, that of PCDFs was 70.3%, and PCDFs were more prevalent than PCDDs. The contributions of PCDD/Fs sources were estimated as incineration at 58.3% and automobiles at 28.4%. However, a relation and regulation between PCDD/Fs concentrations deposited on pine needles and distance from incinerator or wind direction was not shown. Conclusion: It was concluded that atmospheric PCDD/Fs concentrations near an industrial complex with a waste incinerator were affected by multiple sources. However, PCDD/Fs concentrations were lower than in other inland cities with the exception of background area.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 1994

To make regional comparisons of water status of pitch pine, the temporal changes of water status in pitch pine were investigated at different areas; urban Seoul (heavily polluted area), surburb of Seoul (lightly polluted area), and rural area (control). The effects of air pollutants, acid rain and chemical properties of soil on water deficit in pitch pine were also investiaged. Water content of needles growing at polluted areas were usually lower than that at unpolluted area. Water saturation deficit of needles growing at polluted areas were usually higher than that at unpolluted area especially in dry season. These results indicated that water in needles growing at polluted areas were usually more deficient than that at unpolluted area, and were more deficient in April than other months. At polluted areas, the older the needles were, the more quickly transpirated the water in the needle was. At unpolluted areas, however, water in old needles was not so quickly transpirated as those at polluted areas. Water potential of needles of pitch pine seedlings treated with simulated acid rain (SAR) of pH 3.5 decreased more quickly than that of needles treated with SAR of pH 5.6. Loss of water through epicuticular layer was greater in the following order: magnesium deficiency＋100 $\mu$M aluminium>100$\mu$M aluminium>magnesium deficiency>control. In addition to Mg deficiency and Al toxicity, growth decline of pitch pine widely occurring in polluated Seoul could to a large extent be due to cuticle degredation and abnormal vertical distribution of fine roots, which lead to water stress, particularly in dry seasons.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.280-288
• /
• 2005

대기중 PCDD/Fs가 소나무잎과 토양에 침착되는 특징에 대하여 연구하였다. 1) 토양과 소나무잎에 침착된 PCDD/Fs는 토양중 농도가 소나무잎중 농도보다 ${\Sigma}PCDDs$는 7.4배, ${\Sigma}PCDFs$는 2.3배, 그리고 ${\Sigma}PCDD/Fs$는 5.4배 더 높았다. 2) 토양/소나무잎 농도비를 homologue 별로 비교한 결과 PCDD/Fs homologue의 LogKoa 값의 크기 변화와 동일한 경향을 보였다. 3) 각 congener의 ${\Sigma}PCDD/Fs$ 농도에 대한 농도 분율은 염소치환수가 적은 경우(tetra-에서 hexa-까지)에는 소나무잎에서 높고, 염소치환수가 많은 경우(hepta-와 octa-)에는 토양에서 더 높았다. 4) 소나무잎에는 염소치환수가 적은 PCDD/Fs homologue가, 토양에는 염소치환수가 많은 PCDD/Fs homologue가 주로 누적침착되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제85권3호
• /
• pp.372-380
• /
• 1996

솔잎혹파리에 대한 저항성인자(抵抗性因子)를 조사(調査)하기 위하여 솔잎혹파리의 감수성수종(感受性樹種)과 저항성수종(抵抗性樹種)에 대하여 침엽내(針葉內) phenolic compound의 계절적(季節的) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)하였다. 침엽내(針葉內)에 존재(存在)하는 free phenolic compounds와 water soluble phenolic compounds는 수종간(樹種間) 계절별(季節別)로 변이(變異)가 있었고 catechol과 vanilic acid 및 syringic acid는 수종간(樹種間)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없으나 성분량(成分量)에는 계절별(季節別)로 변이(變異)가 있었다. 그러나 솔잎혹파리 유충(幼蟲)의 부화기(孵化期)인 5, 6월(月)에 침엽내(針葉內)에 함유(含有)되어 있는 salicylic acid는 버지니아소나무는 140ppm, 해송에서 35ppm, 해송${\times}$버지니아소나무 72ppm이고 소나무에서는 극소량만이 나타나고 있어 salicylic acid는 감수성수종(感受性樹種)에는 극소량 함유(含有)하고 저항성수종(抵抗性樹種)에는 상당량 함유(含有)하고 있었다. 솔잎혹파리에 대한 소나무류(類) 침엽(針葉)의 저항성인자(抵抗性因子) 조사(調査)에서 밝혀진바와 같이 salicylic acid와 버지니아소나무의 침엽(針葉)에서 추출(抽出)된 phenolic compounds용액(溶液)위에서 배양(培養)한 유충(幼蟲)은 폐사율(斃死率)이 높았고 또한 버지니아소나무에서는 충영이 전혀 형성되지 않은 것과 본조사(本調査)의 침엽내(針葉內)에 함유(含有)하고 있는 salicylic acid와 상관관계(相關關係)가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과(結果)에서 salicylic acid는 솔잎혹파리의 저항성물질(抵抗性物質)로 추정(推定)된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.1071-1076
• /
• 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in pine needles of Seoul, and Ansung(GyeongGi-do) to investigate composition, source, and regional concentration of PBDEs. Concentration of total PCBs in Seoul and Ansung showed 608, 945 pg/g DW (mean: 777 pg/g DW), respectively, also concentration of total PBDEs(pg/g DW) in Seoul and Ansung showed 7944, 14,255 pg/g DW(mean 11,100 pg/g DW). Tetrachlorinated biphenyls(Tetra-CBs) and Decabromodiphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE) were detected in relatively high concentration compared to other PBDE congeners in Seoul and Ansung. Correlation coefficients(r) of between PCB congeners in pine needles detected of Seoul and Ansung were significant (r=0.85, p<0.01). It suggested that PCBs concentration in pine needles may originate from secondary sources such as air-plant partition. The similarity of between PBDE congeners profile to those of the technical mixture formulation (Bromkal 70-5DE) suggests a source of this product in these sites.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.466-475
• /
• 2011

The dyeing properties of protein fiber with pine needles colorants were studied through an investigation of the effect of dyeing conditions such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and time on dye uptakes, effect of mordants, and color change. In addition, the various colorfastness of dyed silk and wool fabrics were evaluated for practical use. The antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were also estimated. The dye uptake increased as the dyeing concentration increased and this enabled the obtainment of the Langmuir absorption isotherm. The dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Pine needles colorants showed relatively good affinity to protein fiber and produced a yellow color. Post-mordanting was more effective than the pre-mordanting, and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. Except for washing, the colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating. However, the colorfastness to light and the dry cleaning of fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and the friction fastness of fabrics mordanted with Cu improved. The guide fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%; in addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.599-605
• /
• 2005

대기중 POPs의 passive sampler로 많이 이용되고 있는 1년에서 4년생 까지의 소나무잎을 이용하여 대기중 PCDD/Fs가 소나무잎에 침착될 때의 특성을 연구하였다. 치환된 염소수가 적어 대기 중에서 주로 가스상으로 존재하는 PCDD/Fs는 소나무잎에 누적침착이 일어나지만 입자상으로 존재하는 PCDD/Fs는 누적침착이 일어나지 않았다. 소나무잎에 침착된 PCDD/Fs는 광분해로 농도가 감소되었는데, PCDFs의 광분해율은 PCDDs와 비슷하였고 염소치환수가 많은 homologue일수록 광분해율이 컸다. 소나무잎을 대기중 PCDD/Fs의 passive sampler로 사용할 때 가스상과 입자상 PCDD/Fs의 잎에 대한 누적침착율 차이와 광분해에 의한 오차를 줄이기 위하여 어린 잎을 시료로 채취하는 것이 좋으며, 지역별 PCDD/Fs 농도를 비교할 때에는 동일한 나이의 소나무잎을 채취하여야 오차를 줄일 수 있다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenolic acid, proanthocyanidin (PAs), and flavonol glycoside contents, as well as the antioxidant activities of pine needle extracts from six species of young pine trees. The extracts were prepared from Section Pinus (Diploxylon): P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Section Strobus (Haploxylon): P. koraiensis and P. strobus. Phenolics were extracted from pine needles with 80% acetone to obtain the soluble free fraction, and insoluble residues were digested with 4 M NaOH to obtain bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. Phenolics were analyzed by HPLC, and the hydrophilic antioxidant activity was measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the soluble free fraction were higher than those of the bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. The main phenolics were monomers and polymers of PAs in the soluble free fraction, and phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides in bound ethyl acetate fraction. Flavonol glycosides found in different species of pine needles were qualitatively similar within fractions, but composition varied among Pinus sections. High levels of kaempferol arabinoside and an unknown compound were present in all Strobus species. The soluble free fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions.