• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1979

Yellow pigment was extracted by petroleum ether, and red pigment by 60％ ethanol. By thin layer chromatography red pigment preparation consists of more than five species whereas yellow pigment preparation consist of single species. The absorption curve of pigment solution exhibits maximum peak at wavelongth range of 495~500 nm and endo pigment at 394~403 nm. Pigment solution was relatively stable at the pH range of 3~9. Extracted pigment solution gave negative hemolysis test and pigment showed no bio-activity and nontoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 1990

Aqueous solution pigment produced by Steptomyces californicus KS-89 showed a vivid bluish purple pigment and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The pigment indicated a deep purple color zone by the C. I. E chromatic diagram and showed UV absorption maxima at 575nm. The color intensity in aqueous solution was fairly stable in the ranges of pH5-8 and was not affected by UV light however sometimes it had faded slightly by the heat. It was possible to prevent significantly by the addition of metal salt. Especially this pigment has no mutagenicity and antitumor activity and it appears to be devoid of antibiotic activity.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.664-669
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• 2019

Yeonpyo-beob is a method of manufacturing pigments using bamboo trunk and glue solution. Glue solutions of concentrations 1, 5, and 10% were employed to manufacture pigments, and the characteristics of pigment manufacturing were analyzed according to these concentrations. The pigment manufacturing process can be divided into holding and drying phases. The holding phase involves the sedimentation of relatively large particles, whereas the drying phase involves the sedimentation of small particles. The layers formed during the drying phase have almost similar forms regardless of the concentration of the glue solution. If the concentration of the glue solution is low in the holding phase, the particles are mixed and the formation of a layer is difficult. In contrast, when the concentration of the glue solution is higher, the layer of the pigment is more distinct. These results confirmed that the differences in viscosity due to the variation in the concentration of the glue solution affect the sedimentation velocity of the pigment particles, thereby affecting the formation of the layer of the pigment and the pigment manufacture. Consequently, applying 10% glue solution to reduce the sediment velocity is deemed suitable for the stratification of the pigment particles and the manufacture of pigments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.348-355
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• 1999

Effects of pH, sugars, organic acids, metal ions, ascorbic acid and light on the stability of anthocyanin pigment extracted from purple-fleshed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were studied. The pH had marked influences on the color of the potato anthocyanin pigment: i.e., the lower the pH of the anthocyanin solution was, the more stable and intenser of the pigment was. It showed characteristic bathochromic shift as the pH of the solution increased. Generally, the addition of sugars into the purple-fleshed potato anthocyanin solution caused decrease in color stability of the pigment. Among the sugars tested, maltose was the most deleterious followed by sucrose, galactose, fructose and glucose. The addition of organic acids greatly increased the stability of the pigment. Malic acid was found to be the most effective in stabilizing the pigment followed by tartaric, citric and succinic acids, while malonic acid was found to be deteriorative to the stability of the pigment. Most metal ions except $Cu^{2+}$ increased stability of the pigment-especially, $Cd^{2+}\;and\;Al^{3+}$ were more effective than the others. Ascorbic acid degraded the pigment considerably, but the adverse effect was diminished by adding thiourea. Light gave an adverse effect to the stability of the purple-fleshed potato anthocyanin pigment, which could be minimized by shielding the light from the pigment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.352-359
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• 1996

Stabilities of purple sweet potato (PSP) anthocyanin pigment on pH, sugars, organic acids, metal ions, ascorbic acid and light were investigated to provide the basic information for utilization of PSP as a potential source of anthocyanin pigment. pH has a marked influences on the color of the PSP anthocyanin solution; i.e., at low pH the color of PSP was more intense and stable. It showed characteristic bathochromic shift as the pH of the solution increased. Among the sugars tested, glucose showed a protective effect on the color of PSP pigment to raise the color intensity and stability, while sucrose and fructose showed an adverse effect. Addition of organic acids greatly increased the stability of PSP anthocyanin pigment. Citric acid was found to be the most effective followed by malic. tartaric, and succinic acids. Most metal ions except $Al^{3+}$ and $Cd^{2+} were found to be detrimental effect on the stability of PSP pigment. Ascorbic acid degraded PSP pigment considerably, and had a synergistic effect with oxygen on the pigment degradation. The effect of light on PSP pigment was found to be very deleterious. The pigment degradation can be minimized by shielding the light from the pigment solution.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.169-172
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• 2000

Studies on extraction of red pigment was performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of red pigment as s new source of natural food colorant. A bacterium isolated from marine resources were carried out the test for excretion of red pigment. One strain of a marine bacterium, KSR-97 showed a high production of red pigment on the medium of colloidal chitin, peptone-yeast extract with minerals. In physicochemical and sensory properties in aqueous solution of red pigment was investigated at various condition of pH, temperature, concentration of ethanol and stability of storage. Potent antioxidative of red pigment was separated by thin layer chromatograpy, silica gel chromatography and reverse high performance liquid chromatography using ODS hypersil column.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 1977

The bacteria of red colonies isolated from soil were identified as Serratia marcescens. The best solvent for pigment extraction was n-buthanol and the pigment was identified as prodigiosene. The extracted pigment was stable on temperature and light but not on acidity. The redpigment color changed into red in alkaline solution. The maximum absorbancy of pigment was 466 nm in alkaline condition and 540 nm in acid condition. And the pigment formed single spot on the TLC(starch). By the result of infra red spectrum, the red pigment has the same absorption pattern comparing with, the prodigisin produced by S. marcescens strain Nima. It was confirmed that the pigment was secondary metabolite and that the maximal peak of production appeared at 30 hrs after the inoculation, when the bacterial growth was in statinary state. Referring to the effect of temperature, the pigment was not formed at $36^{\circ}C$ and the optimal temperature for both of bactrial growth and pigmentation was $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal range of pH for pigmentation was 5.0 and under the condition the bacterial growth was not affected at all. Examining the effects of light, the bacterial pigment ation was more increased in darkness than in visible light.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.127-135
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• 2015

Artists have been used animal glues for a long time as binding and sizing materials of paintings in many countries including Korea. Since animal glues as a binding material lose their own adhesive strength by aging, pigment particles or pigment layers are easily detached from painting surface. Restaurators prefer to use animal glues for consolidation of pigment particles or pigment layers because artists use animal glues as a binder for their painting works. It is widely known that animal glues have different characteristics such as viscosity, stability on water etc. But there are still a few requirements to consider their stabilities for the restoration of paintings. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate of stability and efficiency of animal glue applications. The efficiency of animal glue application was decreased with increasing the concentration of animal glue solution. This result means the simple tendency, but does not representative data for other animal glues made from same raw materials. In most cases, the surface and mechanical characteristics of animal glues are dependent on some factors, like viscosity and concentration of animal glue solution.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2001

Flow properties of the concentrated pigment solutions extracted from purple-fleshed sweet potatoes were determined using a cone and plate rotational viscometer for soluble solids concentration range of 25 to 65% at temperature range of 20 to 60 $^{\circ}C$. The purple-fleshed sweet potato pigment solutions exhibited Newtonian behavior. Temperature dependency for the viscosity of the solution followed the Arhenius relationship with activation energy values between 14.23 and 43.00 kJ/mol, which increased linearly with soluble solids concentration. A relationship between viscosity, temperature and soluble solids concentration was investigated. At the same temperature, the viscosity of the concentrated pigment solutions increased exponentially as the concentration increased with higher degree of such phenomena at lower temperatures.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.264-269
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• 2000

This study is that of providing a fairly practical practival guide to the use of natural pigment in food industry. A strain isolated from marine resources was carried out the production of red pigment. The pigment showed UV absorption maxima at 520 and 550 nm. The color intensity in aqueous solution was fairly stable in the ranges of pH 5~8. The strain KS-97 produced a maximum yield of red pigment at$ 25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs with pH 7.0. The strain KS-97 was iden-tified a Bacillus sp. based on morphological and biochemical characterization such as a rod from, motility, spore for-mation, Gram positive and catalase production. The production of red pigment indicated that the strain Ks-97 utilized at thigh concentration of colloidal chitin as carbon sources obtained maximum yield of red pigment at $25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs. The highest production of red pigment was observed with cultivation in medium containing 20% colloi-dal chitin, 2.5g polypeptone, 2.5g yeast extract, 1.0g $KH_2$$PO_4$, 0.01g $MgSO_4$.$6H_2$O, 0.01g $ZnSO_4$, 0.01 g $MnSO_4$(per 1).