• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2007

Nutrients and hormone levels of dried pig placenta were studied. Placentas were freeze-dried (FD), oven-dried at 60 (OD-60), and 90$^{\circ}C$ (OD-90) and then crushed by a blender into small pieces. FD and OD-60 pig placenta had a higher moisture content than did OD-90, with no difference between FD and OD-60. There were no large differences in compositions of crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash of dried placenta among the treatments and the contents of K, Fe, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were highest in FD (p<0.05). Glutamine and glycine were the most abundant amino acids in all dried placenta and tyrosine was highly retained in FD placenta, compared with OD (p<0.05). Estradiol was the major sex hormone, followed by progesterone and testosterone in all dried placentas. Antibiotics including amoxicillin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, and chlorotetracyclin were not detected from the pig placentas tested. These results demonstrate that placenta is a good biomaterial with high nutritional quality, and that freeze drying is superior to oven drying for processing pig placenta.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2005년도 제5회 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회
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• pp.135-135
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• 2005

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2005년도 제5회 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회
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• pp.135-135
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• 2005

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.701-709
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• 2011

This study was performed to establish an effective extraction method of pig placenta extract that could be used for a putative functional food supplement with immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we used different temperatures (4, 37, 60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$) and different solvents (chloroform, NaOH, and phosphate buffered saline [PBS]) to extract the pig placenta. Among the different placenta extracts yielded by the different extraction methods, placenta extract (PE) in PBS at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min (referred to as PE-PBS80) showed a significant increase of nitric oxide production of up to 22.97 ${\mu}M/10^5$ cells at a 1 mg/mL dose (p<0.05 ) in J774A.1 cells than other extracts and control tested. Using PE-PBS80, further animal challenges were performed to identify the immune-enhanced effects. As a result, orally administered PE-PBS80 showed a significant increase in blood T and B cell activities and immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) production. IgG and IgM levels increased to 41.53 mg/mL at a 20 mg dose on day 7 and to 27.38 mg/mL at a 10 mg dose on day 14, respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, PE-PBS80 was also able to significantly enhance the immune modulator cytokine levels (p<0.05) compared to the control and vehicle treatments. Among the evaluated cytokines, the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) level increased to 28.89 pg/mL at extract doses of 20 and 50 mg, the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) level increased to 21.52 pg/mL at extract doses of 10, 20, 50 and 75 mg and the interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ level increased to 18.24 pg/mL at extract doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg. Therefore, this study presents an effective method for extracting pig placenta extracts and also demonstrates that pig placenta extracts had significant immunomodulatory effects not only at the cellular level but also in a mouse model, suggesting that this material could be used as an excellent candidate functional food supplement.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2004년도 제4회 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.62-62
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• 2004

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

Artificial insemination (AI) has been performed widely in swine industry using fresh liquid sperm instead of frozen type of sperm. However fresh sperm are not able to preserve more than three days with optimal motility and other sperm parameters for the successful fertilization, since in vitro stored sperm has an oxidative stress that resulted increase of abnormality and acrosome reation. To overcome these major problems, novel preservative formulation is needed to neutralize the oxidative stress and to provide suitable physiological environment for sperm in in vitro. In this study, naturally derived substances such as Poncirus trifoliate (Trifoliate orange), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen), pig placenta and testis extracts were tested as sperm preservative agents. Placenta extracts (PE), trifoliate orange extracts (TOE), testes extracts (TE) and mangosteen extracts (ME) were applied to analyze specific parameters for sperm motion characteristics individually and combinatorial. Each individual extract treatment can accelerate the sperm motility but noticeably TOE, TE and ME treatments exhibited the considerable and significant preservation of sperm motility. PE, TE and ME showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in ALH after one week. Further we evaluated the five different combinations of these extracts on sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Surprisingly even after one week ME, TOE and TE combination significantly preserved the sperm motility about 75%. It is noteworthy that unlike individual extract treatment, combination of ME, TOE and TE simultaneously protect the sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Taken together these data conclude that addition of ME, TOE and TE can be effective for preservation of pig sperm.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권8호
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• pp.535-540
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• 2011

Reprogramming errors, which appear frequently in cloned animals, are reflected by aberrant gene expression. We previously reported the aberrant expression of TIMP-2 and PBEF in cloned placenta and differential expression of PBEF genes during pregnancy. To examine the epigenetic modifications that regulate dynamic gene expression in developing placentae, we herein analyzed the mRNA and protein expression levels of PBEF and TIMP-2 in the placentae of normal mice during pregnancy and then examined potential correlations with epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation pattern analysis revealed no difference, but ChIP assays using antibodies against H3-K9/K14 and H4-K5 histone acetylation revealed that the H3-K9/K14 acetylation levels, but not the H4-K5 acetylation levels, of the TIMP-2 and PBEF loci were significantly correlated with their gene expression levels during placentation in normal mice. These results suggest that epigenetic changes may regulate gene expression level in the developing placentae of normal mice and that inappropriate epigenetic reprogramming might be one cause of the abnormal placentae seen in cloned animals.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2015

Porcine placenta extract (PPE) is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties owing to its high concentration of bioactive substances. However, the need to eliminate blood-borne infectious agents while maintaining biological efficacy raises concerns about the optimal method for sterilizing PPE. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of the standard pressurized heat (autoclaving) method of sterilization with γ-irradiation on the anti-inflammatory effects of PPE. The anti-inflammatory actions of these two preparations of PPE were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, the expression of iNOS protein, and the expression of iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compared with autoclaved PPE, γ-irradiated PPE showed significantly greater inhibition of NO production and iNOS protein expression, and produced a greater reduction in the expression of iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. These results provide evidence that the sterilization process is crucial in determining the biological activity of PPE, especially its anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, our data suggest that γ-irradiated PPE acts at the transcriptional level to effectively and potently suppresses the production of NO and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

This study was performed to identify the differentially methylated region (DMR) and to examine the mRNA expression of the imprinted H19 gene in day 35 of SCNT pig fetuses. The fetus and placenta at day 35 of gestation fetuses after natural mating (Control) or of cloned pig by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were isolated from a uterus. To investigate the mRNA expression and methylation patterns of H19 gene, tissues from fetal liver and placenta including endometrial and extraembryonic tissues were collected. The mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and methylation pattern was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing method. Bisulfite analyses demonstrated that the differentially methylated region (DMR) was located between -1694 bp to -1338 bp upstream from translation start site of the H19 gene. H19 DMR (-1694 bp to -1338 bp) exhibits a normal mono allelic methylation pattern, and heavily methylated in sperm, but not in oocyte. In contrast to these finding, the analysis of the endometrium and/or extraembryonic tissues from SCNT embryos revealed a complex methylation pattern. The DNA methylation status of DMR Region In porcine H19 gene upstream was hypo methylated in SCNT tissues but hypermethylated in control tissues. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of H19 gene in liver, endometrium, and extraembryonic tissues was significantly higher in SCNT than those of control (p<0.05). These results suggest that the aberrant mRNA expression and the abnormal methylation pattern of imprinted H19 gene might be closely related to the inadequate fetal development of a cloned fetus, contributing to the low efficiency of genomic reprogramming.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 간 손상을 유발시킨 백서에서 돈태반 가수분해물의 경구 투여가 간 기능 개선에 효과가 있는지를 조사하는 것이다. 사염화탄소를 피하주사하여 간 손상을 유발한 백서를 4군으로 나누어 DMSO(음성대조군), 저용량과 고용량(500과 1000 mg/kg 체중) 돈태반 가수분해물, silymarin (80 mg/kg 체중; 양성대조군)을 3주간 경구 투여하였다. 정상대조군은 사염화탄소 대신 용매인 옥수수 기름만을 피하주사하였다. 3주 후에 간과 지라의 질량은 음성대조군에 비해 농도 의존적으로 돈태반 가수분해물과 silymarin 투여군이 더 높았다(p<0.05). 제거율을 계산하여 간의 기능을 나타내는 bromosulfalein (BSP)를 주입하였을 때 간에서의 제거율은 음성대조군에 비해 돈태반 가수분해물의 복용량에 비례해서 증가하였고, 특히 고용량 돈태반투여군은 silymarin군과 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 이 결과 혈청내 BSP 농도는 돈태반투여군과 silymarin군에 비해 음성대조군에서 더 낮았다. 모든 군에서 간 기능의 지표인 혈청 AST와 ALT의 농도는 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하였는데, 돈태반 가수분해물과 silymarin 투여는 음성대조군에 비해 큰 폭으로 감소하였다. 간과 혈청내 중성지방과 콜레스테롤 농도 그리고 간세포내의 지질 과산화물과 간 조직형태의 변형도 돈태반 가수분해물의 농도에 비례해서 감소하였고, 고용량 돈태반군은 silymarin군 만큼 감소하였다. 결과적으로 사염화탄소에 의해서 간 손상을 유발시킨 백서에서 고용량의 돈태반 가수분해물 투여가 간의 손상을 억제하는 효과가 있다고 결론지을 수 있다.