• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.790-798
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• 2021

The objective of this study was evaluation of pig behavior changes related to temperature, relative humidity, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and illuminance. A total of 24 growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were used in the experiment. A sensor was installed at a height of 0.5 m in the center of the pig house. In experiment 1, temperature was changed every four days to 18℃ (T1), 22℃ (T2), 26℃ (T3), and then 30℃ (T4). In experiment 2, relative humidity was adjusted to 45% (low humidity [LH]), 60% (middle humidity [MH]), and then 75% (high humidity [HH]) for four days. In experiment 3, after cleaning the pig house just before experiment, only minimal ventilation was provided. VOCs and pig behaviors were observed for 7 days without cleaning the pig house. In experiment 4, three light bulbs of 40 W (470 lumens / 45 lx; low illuminance [LI]), 75 W (1,055 lumens / 103 lx; middle illuminance [MI]), and 100 W (1,521 lumens / 146 lx; high illuminance [HI]) were used for four days each. Pig behavior analysis was performed for following criteria : Feed intake, Standing, Lying, Sitting, Drink water, Rooting, Posture transition (lying-standing), Posture transition (standing-lying), Wallowing, and Biting. In experiment 1, feed intake time was lower (p < 0.05) for the T3 than other treatment groups. Standing time was highest (p < 0.05) for the T1 and lowest (p < 0.05) for the T3. Lying time was shorter (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4. Drinking frequency was higher (p < 0.05) for the T4 than other treatment groups. In experiment 2, the frequency of rooting and wallowing increased (p < 0.05) with increasing humidity. LH showed the lowest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency and HH showed the highest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency. In experiment 3, VOCs concentration did not (p > 0.05) change pig behavior. In experiment 4, lying time was the longest (p < 0.05) at LI and shortest (p < 0.05) at HI. Therefore, pig behavior is heavily influenced by the environment, especially temperature and humidity. However, correlation between pig behavior to VOCs and illuminance seems to be needed more research.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.892-903
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• 2021

The objective of this study is to investigate effect of air cleaner operated during pig breeding period on stress hormones of pigs and their pork quality. The stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine) in blood sample of pigs reared in the housing rooms with or without air cleaner have been measured according to a pig's rearing stage: 0 day (farrowing), 21st day (farrowing-weaning), 70th day (weaning-nursery), 140th day (nursery-growing), and 180th day (growing-fattening). The comparison of pork quality according to the application of an air cleaner was performed through the carcass analysis of the pigs shipped from swine house. The levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in pigs reared in housing rooms with and without air cleaners were found to be within the range of normal reference values. Among pork quality evaluation items, the thickness of intermuscular fat and final carcass grade of pigs raised in housing room with air cleaner was generally superior to those of pigs raised in housing room without air cleaner (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained from this study, it is concluded that air cleaner does not have a significant effect on reducing pig stress but contributes to improving pork quality in pig breeding.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.567-575
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• 1989

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of application of a microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(micro-ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of specific toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera and this test was performed as a microplate system by coating the polystyrene plates with toxoplasma soluble antigen, incubated serially diluted sera, then added horse radish peroxidase labelled goat anti-swine IgG(r) conjugate followed by o-phenylenediamine as substrate. The color development by enzyme-substrate reaction was determined by the photometric reading [ELISA reader at 490nm (OD)] and visual reading. The soluble antigen was prepared from the tachyzoites in mouse peritoneal cavity. A total of 1,200 swine sera from pig slaughter-house and a total of 116 swine sera from pig breeding station (S-C farm) were tested for the detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The optimal reactions of indirect ELISA for the test sera were determined by the dilution of antigen 1:256 and 1:3,200 of horse radish peroxidase conjugate [anti-swine IgG(r)]. 2. The specific togoplasma antibody(IgG) in pigs infected with Tp artificially were detected as the serum titers of 1:64 or 1:128 at one week postinfection. 3. Of a total of 1,200 swine sera from pig slaughter-house 505 samples of sera were detected as positive (42.1%) and of a total of 116 swine sera from S-C pig breeding station 68 samples of sera as positive (58.6%). 4. The specific antibody(IgG) detection rates against a total of 1,200 test sera from pig slaughter-house were not significant between male (43.1%) and female (40.7%). 5. The indirect ELISA was proved to be a sensitive and specific procedure for the serodiagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis and also evaluated as an effective screening test for the large scale of test samples in laboratory.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2013

This study aimed to compare the dynamics of air temperature and velocity under two different ventilation and housing systems during summer and winter in Korea. The $NH_3$ concentration of both housing systems was also investigated in relation to the pig's growth. The ventilation systems used were; negative pressure type for the enclosed pig house (EPH) and natural airflow for the conventional pig house (CPH). Against a highly fluctuating outdoor temperature, the EPH was able to maintain a stable temperature at 24.8 to $29.1^{\circ}C$ during summer and 17.9 to $23.1^{\circ}C$ during winter whilst the CPH had a wider temperature variance during summer at 24.7 to $32.3^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature fluctuation of the CPH during winter was almost the same with that of EPH at 14.5 to $18.2^{\circ}C$. The NH3 levels in the CPH ranged from 9.31 to 16.9 mg/L during summer and 5.1 to 19.7 mg/L during winter whilst that of the EPH pig house was 7.9 to 16.1 mg/L and 3.7 to 9.6 mg/L during summer and winter, respectively. These values were less than the critical ammonia level for pigs with the EPH maintaining a lower level than the CPH in both winter and summer. The air velocity at pig nose level in the EPH during summer was 0.23 m/s, enough to provide comfort because of the unique design of the inlet feature. However, no air movement was observed in almost all the lower portions of the CPH during winter because of the absence of an inlet feature. There was a significant improvement in weight gain and feed intake of pigs reared in the EPH compared to the CPH (p<0.05). These findings proved that despite the difference in the housing systems, a stable indoor temperature was necessary to minimize the impact of an avoidable and highly fluctuating outdoor temperature. The EPH consistently maintained an effective indoor airspeed irrespective of season; however the CPH had defective and stagnant air at pig nose level during winter. Characteristics of airflow direction and pattern were consistent relative to housing system during both summer and winter but not of airspeed. The ideal air velocity measurement favored the EPH and therefore can be appropriate for the Korean environment. Further emphasis on its cost effectiveness will be the subject of future investigations.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

자연환기식 육성 비육돈사의 내부 사육환경을 개선하고자 돈사내부에 악취탈취장치를 설치하였다. 악취탈취장치에서 탈취한 공기는 덕트를 이용하여 돈사내부에 분배되도록 하였다. 악취탈취장치의 가동에 따른 내부의 환경은 돈사의 측벽에 설치된 윈치커튼을 닫아 관리하기 때문에 내부의 환경이 열악해지는 겨울철에 실시하였다. 악취탈취장치를 가동하면서 분석한 돈사의 내부환경 개선효과는 다음과 같다. 1. 돈사내부에 설치한 악취탈취장치에서 탈취된 후 배출된 공기를 돈사내부에 재분배함으로써 악취탈취장치 가동전보다 돈사내부의 암모니아 가스 농도를 약 33.3% 줄일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 돈사의 암모니아 가스 저감효과는 돈사의 환기율이 $0.5m^3/m$ 두 이하인 경우에 나타났으며, 환기율이 많아지면 외부의 신선한 공기의 유입에 의해 희석되는 양이 악취탈취 장치에서 배출된 공기량보다 많아 악취탈취 장치 가동에 의한 내부 환경개선 효과는 작은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 육성 비육돈사에 악취탈취장치를 가동하면서 돼지를 입식하여 출하 때까지 사육한 결과 악취탈취장치 설치전과 비교하여 돼지의 폐사율이 약 3.8% 줄어들었으며, 탈취장치 가동후 돈사내부에 관리를 위해 들어갈 때 눈 따가움, 부유먼지 등이 크게 줄어든 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2002

본 실험은 우리 나라의 양돈농가에서 노동력 절감이라는 이점 때문에 자돈사 및 분만사의 무창돈사는 일반농가에까지 보급되고 있으나, 육성.비육돈사에 있어서 무창돈사는 거의 전무한 실정으로 질병의 근원적인 차단 및 관리를 위하여 지금까지 회피되어 왔던 무창 육성.비육돈사의 활성화를 위하여 환기시스템을 자체적으로 고안하여 최적의 환기시스템을 여름철 및 겨울철로 구분하여 건축하였으며, 자체적으로 고안한 환기시스템의 성능을 평가하고자 겨울철 및 여름철로 구분하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 무창 육성.비육돈사에 있어서 돼지 생활공간(하부) 지점에서의 공기유속은 겨울철 최소환기 수준(1,440 $m^3/h$)으로 하였을 때 0-0.19 m/s 였으며, 여름철 최대환기 수준(24,000 $m^3/h$)에서는 0.07-0.42 m/s로 분포되어 여름철 및 겨울철의 무창돈사내 공기유속으로 보아 환기시스템이 우수하였다. 이상의 실험결과를 종합해 보면 무창 육성.비육사의 환기시스템은 여럼츨 때는 측벽을 통한 환기와 겨울철은 천장을 통한 환기시스템이 적합하다고 판단되었으며, 한쪽 측벽에 의한 배기시스템이라도 입기구는 양쪽 측벽을 통한 입기가 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2001

이 연구는 돈사내부의 환경을 연속적으로 계측하고. 동시에 양돈시설의 환경에서 발생되는 악취중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 암모니아 가스를 정량분석하여 암모니아 가스센서 개발을 위한 기초 데이터를 얻고자 수행 되었다. 1. 돈사내력의 온도, 습도, 이산화탄소, 암모니아 등 환경민화를 연속전 실시간 측정이 가능한 환경계측시스템을 개발하여 슬러리 돈사와 스크레퍼 돈사에 설치하여 시험하였다. 2. 암모니아 가스농도는 슬러리 돈사의 경우 21~39ppm으로 매우 높은 가스농도를 나타냈고, 출입문을 열어놓는 낮에도 크게 떨어지지 많았다. 그러나 스크레퍼 돈사에서는 야간(19:00~08:00)에 20~29ppm가지 높게 올라갔지만, 문을 열어놓는 08:00이후 급격히 떨어지고, 10:00~18:00에는 10ppm 이하를 나타냈다. 3. 온도는 슬러리 돈사의 경우 야간에 14~17$^{\circ}C$로 돼지 사육 적정온도인 17$^{\circ}C$ 이하이었고, 그 이외의 시간대에는 18~21$^{\circ}C$틀 유지하였다. 스크레퍼 돈사의 온도는 04:00~09:00에 21-22$^{\circ}C$, 주간에는 돈사 내부의 온도가 의고 3$0^{\circ}C$가지 상승하였다. 4. 상대습도는 슬러리 돈사에서 주간에 50~56%RH, 야간에 57~63%aH인 반면에, 스크레퍼 돈사의 경우 각각 31~50%RH와 40~55%RH로, 슬러리 돈사가 스크레퍼 돈사보다 높게 나타났다. 5. 대기오염공정시험법(인도페놀법)에 의해 분석된 암모니아 가스 농도는 공시로 사용된 슬러리 돈사와 스크레퍼 돈사 모두에서 돈사의 중앙이나 출.입구, 즉 돈사의 위치에는 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내지 않았으나, 돈사 바닥보다는 사람의 긴 놀이(140cm)에서 높게 나타났다. 6. 분진농도는 17~47cpm이었고, 돈사의 형식. 위치 및 놀이에 유의차를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2008

When livestock facilities in Korea have been changed larger and denser, rearing conditions have been getting worse and the productivity of animal production have been decreased. Especially in the cold season, the minimized ventilation has generally been operated to save energy cost in Korea resulting in very poor environmental condition and high mortality. While the stability, suitability, and uniformity of the rearing condition are the most important for high productivity, the ventilation configuration is the most important to improve the rearing condition seasonally. But, it is so difficult to analyze the internal air flow and the environmental factors by conducting only field experiment because the weather condition is very unpredictable and unstable as well as the structural specification can not be easily changed by the researchers considering cost and labor. Accordingly, an aerodynamic computer simulation was adopted to this study to overcome the weakness of conducting field experiment and study the aerodynamic itself. It has been supposed that the airflow is the main mechanism of heat, mass, and momentum transfers. To make the simulation model accurately and actually, simplified pig models were also developed. The accuracy of the CFD simulation model was enhanced by 4.4 % of errors compared with the data collected from field experiments. In this paper, using the verified CFD model, the CFD computed internal rearing condition of the mechanically ventilated pig house were analyzed quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Later, this developed model will be computed time-dependently to effectively analyze the seasonal ventilation efficiency more practically and extensively with tracer gas decay theory.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2004

본 연구는 우리나라에 건축되어져 있는 개방식 육성$\cdot$비육돈사나 무창식 육성$\cdot$비육돈사에 대한 효율 비교분석 연구가 없는 실정으로 개방식 육성$\cdot$비육돈사와 무창식 육성$\cdot$비육돈사의 환경효율을 검증하고자 하였다. 겨울철과 여름철로 나누어 실시한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 무창식 육성 비육돈사는 외부의 기온 변화가 심하더라도 돈사내부의 온도는 외부기온의 영향을 받지 않고 여름철 $31.8\~33.8^{\circ}C$, 겨울철 $17.9\~19.5^{\circ}C$를 유지하였으나 개방식 육성$\cdot$비육돈사는 여름철 32.1$\~$32.9, 겨울철 $15.8\~16.7^{\circ}C$를 유지하여 온도효율이 낮았다. 2. G2, G4 육성$\cdot$비육돈사는 돼지생활 공간(하부) 지점에서의 공기유속은 겨울철 최소환기($5\%$) 수준으로 하였을 때 0.2$\~$0.3 m/s 였으며, 여름철 최대환기($95\%$) 수준에서는 0.5$\~$0.6 m/s로 분포되어 여름철 및 겨울철의 육성$\cdot$비육돈사내 공기유속이 G1, G3 육성$\cdot$비육돈사보다 양호하였다. 3. 암모니아 농도를 측정한 바 G2, G4 육성$\cdot$비육돈사는 여름철 13.3$\~$16.6 ppm, 겨울철14.0$\~$~14.6 ppm으로 측정되었으며, G1, G3 육성$\cdot$비육돈사는 여름철 14.6$\~$20.3 ppm, 겨울철 20.3$\~$25 ppm을 유지하여 G1, G3 육성$\cdot$비육 돈사보다는 낮게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1310-1315
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• 1999

Air quality in confinement pig houses is important to production and health. Mechanical ventilation and confinement is known to be the most practical tool for maintaining adequate air quality in pig houses through extensive researches since Millier (1950) invented the 'slotted inlet' ventilation system. A variety of mechanical ventilation systems have been applied to confined nursery pig houses in Korea without scientific verification of their ventilation effectiveness. Ventilation systems with three feasible combinations (NA, NB, and NC) of inlets and outlets in a confined nursery pig house were tested to evaluate their ventilation efficiency, of which the one with the performance was supposed to be taken as a standard ventilation system for nursery pig houses in Korea. Field data of air velocity and temperature fields, and ammonia concentration with three ventilation systems were taken and compared to determine the best system. The air velocity and temperature fields predicted by the PHOENICS computer program were also validated against the available experimental data to investigate the feasibility of computer simulation of air and temperature distribution with an acceptable accuracy in a confined house. NC system with duct-induced in-coming air, performed best among the three different ventilation systems, which created higher velocity field and evener distribution ($2.5m/s{\pm}0.3m/s$) over the space with a Reynolds number of $10^4$. The experimental data obtained also fitted well with the simulated values using the modified PHOENICS, which suggested a viable tool for the prediction of air and temperature field with given calculation geometries.