• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2008

Natural organic matter (NOM) removal by physico-chemical adsorption and biological oxidation was investigated in five slow sand filters with different media depths. Non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon(NPDOC) and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were measured to evaluate the characteristics of NOM removal at different filter depths. Removal efficiency of NOM was in the range of 10-40% throughout the operation time. At start-up of the filters packed with clean sand media, NOM was probably removed by physico-chemical adsorption on the surface of sand through the overall layer of filter bed. However, when Schumutzdecke layer was built up after 30 days operation, the major portion of NPDOC was removed by biological oxidation and/or bio-sorption in lower depth above 50 mm. NOM removal rate in the upper 50 mm filter bed was $0.82hr^{-1}$. It was about 20 times of the rate($0.04hr^{-1}$) in the deeper filter bed. Small portion of NPDOC could be removed in the deeper filter bed by both bio-sorption and biodegradation. SEM analysis and VSS measurement clearly showed the growth of biofilm in the deeper filter bed below 500 mm, which possibly played an important role in the NOM removal by biological activity besides the physco-chemical adsorption mechanism

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.334-340
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• 1993

The physico-chemical properties and characteristics after thermal treatment of natural zeolite from Kampo area were studied. The physico-chemical properties of natural zeolite were studied by investigating chemical composition, x-ray diffraction pattern(XRD), scanning electronic microscope(SEM), infrared spec-tra(IR), thermal analysis(TA), and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C.), and the characteristics of natural zeo-lite after thermal treatment from $400^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$ were compared with the natural zeolite. This study showed that clinoptilolite was the predominant costituent in natural zeolite, and the natural zeolite contained a little amount of quartz and feldspar as impurities. Zeolite mineral was seen to develop slowly by the natural alternation of volcanic ash considering the almost amorphous crystal structure. The more temperature of ther-mal treatment increased, the more adsorption capacity decreased, considering the fact that the hydroxy peak diminished on infrared spectra, and that cation exchange capacity also decreased distinctly.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.685-689
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• 2017

We studied the removal of zinc ions from synthetic brackish water by an adsorption method using natural Algerian Bentonite (NAB). The effect of the main physico chemical parameters-contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength, clay weight and initial metal ion concentrations on the removal of $Zn^{+2}$-were investigated. The results showed that equilibrium was attained within 10 min of stirring time. The retention capacity of $Zn^{+2}$ increased with the increase of pH, the adsorbent dose and ionic strength. A modelization study showed that the adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm, while its kinetics was pseudo-second-order. Based on the results, it was concluded that NAB, which is natural and available, could be used as an alternative for the removal of zinc from saline aqueous solutions.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.632-636
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• 2015

This study aims to evaluate arsenic adsorption efficiencies over various metal oxides (CeO₂, TiO₂, Fe₃O₄, ZrO₂, AlOOH, SiO₂, α-Al₂O₃, and γ-Al₂O₃) and investigate the correlation between physico-chemical characteristics of metal oxides and their efficiencies. From XPS, XRD BET analysis and isotherm adsorption test, TiO₂ powder showed that the best adsorption efficiency, and it's mechanism was highly depended on the chemical adsorption.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.51-54
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• 2002

Heavy metal adsorptions of four streptomycetes were compared with each other, Among the test strains, Streptomyces viridochromogenes showed the most efficient metal binding activity, which was carried out by cell wall as well as freeze-dried mycelium. An order of adsorption potential (zinc > copper > lead > cadmium) was observed in single metal reactions, whereas this adsorption order was disturbed in mixed-metal reactions. The metal adsorption reactions were very fast, pH dependent and culture age-independen, suggestive of a physico-chemical reaction between cell wall components and heavy metal ions. The metal tolerant stains presented the weakest adsorbing activity, indicating that the metal biosorption was not the basis of the metal tolerance.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.487-496
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• 2011

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-based quality control is an integral component of the common technical document, a formal documentation process for applying a marketing authorization holder to those countries where ginseng is classified as a medicine. In addition, authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenoside reference materials, and qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures are prerequisites for certifying GMP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose an authentication process for isolated ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as reference materials (RM) and for these compounds to be designated as RMs for ginseng preparations throughout the world. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of the isolated ginsenosides was made according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantitation, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides were proven to be a single compound when analyzed by three different HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.940% for $Rb_1$ and 0.485% for $Rg_1$, meaning that the net mass balance for ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were 99.060% and 99.515%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physicochemical properties for the ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

콘크리트 내 염소이온은 콘크리트 내부로 침투하여 철근부식을 일으키는 주요 요인이다. 그런데 내재된 염소이온의 일부는 시멘트의 수화물과 반응하여 물리 또는 화학적 흡착을 유발하여 침투속도는 느려진다. 이때 시멘트의 수화물이 염소이온의 고정화에 영향을 미치는 요인이므로, 본 논문은 독립적인 시멘트 수화물에서 염소의 흡착에 대하여 초점을 두어 연구하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 시멘트 수화물이 염소이온을 흡착하는 시간의존적 거동을 고찰하여 염소이온 고정화의 메커니즘을 구명하는 것이다. 시멘트 수화물 중 AFt 상과 CH 상은 염소이온을 흡착하지 못하였으나 C-S-H 상과 AFm 상은 염소 흡착능력을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, AFm 상은 40일 동안 느린 속도로 화학적 흡착 거동을 보인 반면, C-S-H 상은 순간적 물리흡착, 물리화학적 흡착, 그리고 화학적 흡착의 3단계로 구분되어 순차적인 흡착거동을 보였다. 반응 실험결과를 토대로, C-S-H 상과 AFm 상의 흡착 거동 해석기법이 제안되었다. 본 연구는 염소이온의 도입원에 따른 흡착 메커니즘을 이해를 토대로, 염소이온의 도입원에 따른 염소이온의 침투속도를 산정하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 국산 소나무재 심재부와 변재부 목분 탄화물의 물리 화학적 성질에 미치는 탄화 온도의 영향을 원소 분석, 질소-흡착 실험, SEM을 이용하여 분석하였다. 탄화물의 표면 구조 및 특성은 탄화 온도에 크게 의존하였으며 그 의존성은 변재부(swd)와 심재부(hwd)에 관계없이 정성적으로 거의 비슷하였다. 그러나, 심변재부간 경도, 성분 및 조직학적 차이 등의 영향 때문에 hwd를 탄화한 경우가 swd를 탄화한 경우보다 비표면적은 크고, 평균 pore 지름은 작았다. 예비 탄화 단계에서 대부분의 분해 반응이 일어나므로, 탄화물의 주성분은 탄소였다. 탄화 온도가 $700^{\circ}C$가 될 때까지는 미미하나마 탄화 반응이 지속적으로 일어났으며, 비표면적은 지속적으로 증가하였다. $800^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 pore filling 및 narrowing 효과에 의하여 비표면적은 감소하였고, 특히 $900^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 공극의 안쪽에 뿌리를 둔 육각 기둥 형태의 새로운 탄소 구조체가 형성되었다. 탄화물의 흡착 등온선은 type I, 흡착 등온선에서 보인 이력 루프는 type H4로 분류되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.415-419
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 리그노셀룰로스 가수분해물과 유사한 조성을 갖는 합성 용액을 이용하여 무독화 실험을 진행하였다. 생물학적 무독화 방법으로는 peroxidase와 laccase와 같은 효소를 이용하였고, 이온교환과 흡착과 같은 물리화학적 방법으로는 이온교환수지와 활성탄을 이용하였다. 효소 중 peroxidase는 페놀계 화합물의 제거에 탁월한 효율을 보였으며, 5-HMF와 furfural은 활성탄에 의해 거의 모두 제거되었고, 아세트산은 음이온교환수지를 사용하는 것이 가장 효율적이었다. 활성탄과 이온교환수지는 다소간의 당손실을 일으켰다. 무독화 방법은 당화액에 포함되어 있는 저해물질의 조성을 고려하여 결정되어야 한다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2007

Reports of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and personal care products (PCPs) have raised substantial concern in important potable drinking water quality issues. Our study investigates the removal of EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs of 10 compounds having different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, and octanol-water partition coefficient ($K_{OW}$)) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The rejection of micropollutants by NF membranes ranged from 93.9% to 99.9% depending on solute characteristics. A batch adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient values. The transport phenomenon associated with adsorption may also depend on solution water chemistry such as pH and ionic strength influencing the pKa value of compounds. In addition, it was visually seen that the retention was somewhat higher for the larger compounds based on their molecular weight. These results suggest that the NF membrane retains many organic compounds due to both hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion mechanisms.