• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.352-359
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• 2021

This paper presents the definition and importance of ship-centric direct communication concerning ship safety of maritime autonomous and unmanned ships. It also proposes the concept of MX-S2X communication based on high frequency for wide-bandwidth technology and describes the design and simulation result for the physical layer of MX-S2X. It considered high-speed communication as well as overcoming maritime multi-path fading required to be resolved in the marine environment. The physical layer of MX-S2X communication was designed to overcome the occurrence of error-floor caused by multi-path fading even with receiving sufficient signal strength. To this purpose, a performance analysis was conducted on the physical layer by applying the channel model of the actual maritime communication environment. As a result of the performance analysis of the MX-S2X physical layer, it was confirmed that the BER error-floor observed in the VDE physical layer test was overcome, and it operated within the SNR 2dB degradation range compared to the AWGN channel. It is expected that this will show enough performance suitable for short-distance ship-centered direct communication and can be used for direct communication of maritime autonomous ships, unmanned ships, and group navigation of themshortly.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.153-156
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• 2011

Supplying rate of nitrogen at HV was 172.8 kg $ha^{-1}$, HV/B was 64.3 kg $ha^{-1}$ and B was 38.6 kg $ha^{-1}$. The Rice yield was 7.05 ton $ha^{-1}$ when the nitrogen supply was the largest with HV and 5.42 ton $ha^{-1}$ was produced on HV/B. The chemical characteristics of soil have lower pH and exchangeable cations(Ca and Mg) at B, HV and HV/B, rather than at CF because green manure was applied at the former step. However, the physical characteristics of the soil and the porosity showed different tendency which was that it was better at the green manure crops than CF. Nitrogen nutrient balance was showed the most balanced at CF and field of application of green manure crops were required the appropriate management if future crops would be cultivated because nitrogen nutrient could be exhausted or accumulated.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.158-166
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to suggest a direction for eco-friendly healing space design for healthcare facilities in the future. Theoretical review and case study on the concept of sustainable design, spatial expression and behavioral affordance were used as research method. Through these reviews, the 3 elements of the total healing environment -physical, psychological and social- have correspondence with elements of spatial expression; Refuge, Flow, Prospect and Void. And these are related to the eight kinds of Behavioral affordance which are subdivided into WORK&STUDY, REST, CIRCULATION, VISUAL SEQUENCE, SOCIAL EXCHANGE, REFRESHMENT, COMMUNITY and MEDITATION. And the concept of sustainable design consists of 6 principles ; Natural system, People, Place, The cycle of life, Energy & natural resources and Process. Through correlation analysis of behavioral affordance and 6 principles, the result of this study presents that the physical elements of the total healing space was mainly associated with the principles of people, place and the cycle of life. Psychological element was related to principle of natural system, human, place and process. And social element was associated with the principles of human, place and process. According to this analysis, the case study of four low-rise eco-friendly medical facilities was undertaken. Sustainability was evaluated in total healing environmental through this case study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2010

A structure of line for producing products is variously changing to be automatic and one-person Cell-Line considering the physical burden for workers in manufacturing industry of electronic goods. However, workers tend to still accuse Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (including shoulder, waist, hand, wrist, leg etc.) as a simply repeated work by accelerating of the production speed for productivity improvement in the assembly line. Thus manufacturing engineers in charge of changing and set up newly for an assembly line are necessary to the construct of the guideline on human engineering. Especially. There is no standardized engineering-guide and it is difficult to create the exact work environment because the risk factor analysis and the improvement for assembly line are executed once a year on the current situation. I'd like to reduce the physical burden on workers through the effective improvement of processing by the guideline on working environment fit for a characteristic on manufacturing process when the process is changed or newly installed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.347-357
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• 2009

This study conducted a vulnerability assessment on Korea's physical infrastructure to provide base data for developing strategies to strengthen Korea's ability to adapt to climate change. The assessment was conducted by surveying professionals in the field of infrastructure and climate change science. A vulnerability assessment was carried out for seven climate change events: average temperature increases, sea level rise, typhoons and storm surges, floods and heavy rain, drought, severe cold, and heat waves. The survey asked respondents questions with respect to the consequences of each climate change event, the urgency of adaptation to climate change, and the scale of investment for adaptation to each climate change event. Thereafter, management priorities for infrastructure were devised and implications for policy development were suggested. The results showed that respondents expected the possibility of "typhoons and storm surges" and "floods and heavy rain" to be the most high. Respondents indicated that infrastructure related to water, transportation, and the built environment were more vulnerable to climate change. The most vulnerable facilities included river related facilities such as dams and riverbanks in the "water" category and seaports and roads in the "transport and communication" category. The results found were consistent with the history of natural disasters in Korea.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.690-698
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• 2019

Air pollution has attracted ever-increasing attention because of its substantial influence on air quality and human health. To better understand the characteristics of long-range transported pollution, the single particle chemical composition and size were investigated by the single particle aerosol mass spectrometry in Fuzhou, China from 17th to 22nd January, 2016. The results showed that the haze was mainly caused by the transport of cold air mass under higher wind speed (10 m·s^-1) from the Yangtze River Delta region to Fuzhou. The number concentration elevated from 1,000 to 4,500 #·h^-1, and the composition of mobile source and secondary aerosol increased from 24.3% to 30.9% and from 16.0% to 22.5%, respectively. Then, the haze was eliminated by the clean air mass from the sea as indicated by a sharp decrease of particle number concentration from 4,500 to 1,000 #·h^-1. The composition of secondary aerosol and mobile sources decreased from 29.3% to 23.5% and from 30.9% to 23.1%, respectively. The particles with the size ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 ㎛ were mainly in the accumulation mode. The stationary source, mobile source, and secondary aerosol contributed to over 70% of the potential sources. These results will help to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of long- range transported pollutants.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.2 s.49
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

Subsequent to major changes in workplace such as communication method, uncertain organizational environment, and globalizaiton, several studies in workplace have explored the effects of those changes on work outcomes. Especially, employees need to have the balance in working alone and working with others. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of control over the physical environment by individuals and the effects of flexibility on individual and group work outcomes in the workplace, to examine the effects of distraction on work outcomes, and to suggest a interrelationships among variables. In this study, four hundred and nine questionnaires were collected from employees of three manufacturing corporations in Michigan, U. S. In order to explore the causal interferences among multiple relationships suggested in this study, path analysis was employed using Lisrel 8.54. The results indicated that control over the physical environmental features of the workplace positively influenced job satisfaction. The findings also supported the hypothesis that flexibility is positively related to task group cohesiveness. It was found that distraction was negatively associated with control and flexibility. However, it was not supported that control was positively associated with perceived performance. This study found control and flexibility in the workplace to be important. Some practical implications were suggested emphasizing that control and flexibility allow limited resources to be used in ways that permit individuals to work effectively within a changing work environment.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.429-436
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• 2005

This paper reflects on the ergonomical criteria for a humane working atmosphere in industrial buildings while respecting and paying close attention to the physical, mental, and stressful demands of the work environment. It describes effective construction codes and standards of practice and their importance in ensuring a safe environment for working people. Also addressed are the objectives for a productive work environment and its organization. The paper considers the significance of a proper working environment, the use of dangerous working materials, the use of proper ventilation, climate, and lighting to ensure that the productivity of the enterprise is met with common goals shared between employer and employee. The connection between the legal foundation and the design of industrial construction is the focus of this paper. It shows that the planning and executive persons are obliged to observe the relevant construction laws and regulations including standards and codes of practice. Additionally discussed are the possible solutions and consequences for development in the productional, constructional, and ergonomical fields of design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.196-202
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• 2005

Recently, hospital architecture has acknowledged remedial value of environment and atmosphere, which consider patient's statement of physical, spiritual, psychological and social focus, escape from the past focus of functional and rational space composition. The many research of hospital architecture just analyze elements of architectural planing which focus how to make a healing environment for patients. The purpose of this study is to abstract the design principle of architectural space composition for healing environment significance, through case study which follow up space composition. To abstract healing environment significance by space composition, each case study hospitals should be analyzed and estimated on the spatial composition elements. It is to provide the basic data for effective architectural planning of the hospital.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2013

Basic precondition for effective curriculum on learning activities to take place, the internal and external environment of the school facilities, improve the environment of the classroom space and etc. Specifically, the use of classroom space, hardly learners improve their academic motivation to achievement tend to concentrate within the party regularly scheduled class hours. Physical environment surrounding them is giving considerable impact for behavioral psychological and bodily change of the learners. In this study, we are focused on the form of the learner in the general classroom space and classroom environment that can increase the learning effect will be examined. Consequently, What is appropriate classroom environment for learning increase the concentration of elements are presented.