• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.436-436
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• 2011

Recently, spintronic devices with submicron structures are widely investigated to take advantage of their unique micromagnetic properties. In this work, we study the temperature dependence of exchange bias in bilayer anti-dot arrays made by depositing Co (40 nm)/Ni (5 nm) ferromagnetic bilayer on Si substrate to form anti-dot arrays with a diameter $1{\mu}m$. The anti-dot patterning was done only for the upper Co layer, while the Ni underlayer was kept unperforated. The temperature dependences of magnetoresistance (MR) and exchange bias were studied along magnetic easy and hard axes. The in-plane MR measurements were performed using a physical-property measurement system (PPMS ; Quantum Design Inc.) at various temperatures. The standard in-line four-point probe configuration was used for the electrical contacts. As temperature was varied, the MR data were obtained in which in-plane field (H=3 kOe) was applied in the directions along the hard and the easy axes with respect to the lattice plane. The temperature dependences of magnetic anisotropy and exchange bias were also studied along the magnetic easy and hard axes. As temperature decreases, the single peak splits into two peaks. While no exchange bias was observed along the magnetic easy axis, the exchange bias field steadily increased with decreasing temperature along the magnetic hard axis. These results were interpreted in connection with the magnetic anisotropy and the effect of the anti-dots in pinning domain wall motion along the respective direction.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2008

The eventual goal of tumor immunotherapy is to develop a vaccine inducing a specific anti-tumor immunity. Cytokine gene therapy is an effective way at least in animal models, but limited efficacy and various side effects obstruct clinical applications. In this study, we developed a tumor vaccine expressing a membrane-bound form of IL-2(mbIL-2) and SDF-1 in B16F10 melanoma cells. The tumor clones expressing mbIL-2 showed reduced tumorigenicity, and additional expression of SDF-1 to mbIL-2 expressing tumor cells caused more severe reduction in tumorigenicity. However, expression of the SDF-1 alone did not affect on the tumorigenicity, probably because of limited production of SDF-1 in the SDF-1 transfected clones. When the mice once rejected mbIL-2/SDF-1 expressing tumor clone were re-challenged with wild type B16F10 tumor cells, all of the mice survived. This result suggests that mbIL-2/SDF-1 tumor clone is effective in inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity against wild type B16 melanoma. Furthermore, culture supernatant of tumor clones expressing SDF-1 induced lymphocyte migration in vitro. These results, all together, suggest that expression of mbIL-2 and SDF-1 in tumor cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses through different roles; the secreted SDF-1 may function as a chemoattractant to recruit immune cells to tumor vaccine injection site, and the mbIL-2 on tumor cells may provide costimulatory signal for CTL activation in physical contacts.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2013

서비스는 고객과 서비스 제공자 간의 상호작용이나 서비스 전달 프로세스 또는 고객에게 경험을 제공하는 것으로 관점에 따라 다양하게 정의된다. 이처럼, 다양하게 정의되는 서비스의 개발이나 설계를 위한 기존의 서비스 모델링 방법들은 서비스를 고객과 서비스 제공자 간의 활동 또는 기능 위주로 표현하고 있다. 서비스가 물리적인 제품과 구별되는 가장 큰 특징은 생산과 소비가 동시에 발생하는 동시성과 고객들마다 요구와 성향이 다른 이질성이다. 이러한 서비스만의 특성을 모델에 반영하여 서비스의 질을 높이기 위해서는 서비스가 이루어지는 상황 특성을 반영할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 이런 목적으로, 논문에서는 서비스를 고객이 가지고 있는 문제를 해결해가는 프로세스로 정의하고, 문제를 해결해가는 과정의 상황특성을 반영하기 위해 서비스 프로세스를 접촉, 정보, 활동 3가지 요소로 구조화한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 서비스 프로세스를 3가지 구성요소로 모델링하는 Job 매핑 다이어그램을 제시하였으며, 이를 호텔 서비스 사례에 적용하여 블루프린트에 의한 모델링 결과와 비교하였다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.5-27
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify the difference between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of primiparae during the early postpartum period. The goal of the study was to obtain data needed to develope maternal education programs and to improve the nursing quality for primipara. The subjects were 111 primiparae who had normal delivery at 2 general hospitals in the Seoul area. The data was gathered using an 81 items questionnaire which was developed by the researcher from Nov. 30, 1995 to Feb. 5, 1996. Results found are as follows : 1. The characteristics of subjects : The majority of subjects were aged 26-30yrs(60.4%), high school graduated(49.5%), jobless(52.3%), had no religion(49.5%), no antenatal(74.5%), and postnatal education on self and infant care(55.9%). A large proportion of primiparae intended to feed breast milk(49.5%) but in fact only 7.2% fed breast milk while in the hospital. Many subjects perceived that they had reasonable self confidence about self care(46.8%), and infant care(36%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care was relatively high(Mn 3.98) but the level of satisfaction was of average level(Mn 3.09). Therefore, difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 3. The nursing needs by category of nursing care the highest need was on the education of infant care(4.29), the lowest was on physical care(3.80). The level of satisfaction was higher on environmental care(3.40) and physical care(3.32). But the category that showed the lowest satisfaction was education of infant care(2.67). Hence, difference of categories between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 4. Among items of physical care, observation of primiparas' conditions(4.21), accurate medication and treatment(4.18), care of breast engorgement(4.07) and control of postpartal hemorrage(4.01) showed high nursing needs. On the other hand, only the level of satisfaction was higher on accurate medication and treatment(3.82). The rest of items revealed only average level of satisfactions. Difference of items between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001) except items of dietary care. 5. Among items of psychological care, 8 items of nursing needs were high(3.72-4.29), expecially detailed explanation on which mothers want to know(4.29), treatment and nursing care they receive(4.23), kind and faithful care(4.22), early contacts with their baby(4.20), and adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18). Among items of psychological care higher satisfactions were shown on items of kind and faithful care(3.80), personal treatment(3.70), and detailed explanation to mothers, but the least satisfied items was early contact with baby(2.13). Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 6. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction was on the items of neat bedding and pajamas(3.54). The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 7. Among the items of educational needs on self care, all of 22 items revealed higher educational needs(3.50-4.33) but the levels of satisfaction varied with a range of 2.63-3.42. Among the items the satisfactions were high on items of breast care including massages(3.42), perineal care(3.36) and expression of breast milk(3.32). Less satisfied items were drugs not be taken by breast milk feeder(2.63), maintenance of breast figure(2.76) and postpartum exercise(2.80) and so on. The difference was significant(p=0.0001). maintain 8. Among the items of educational needs on infant care, 19 items revealed higher educational needs(3.28-4.54). And the highest need were on the 3 items of normal growth and development of infant, safety and emergency care, symptoms of sick(4.45) and the meaning of crying of the baby(4.52). The level of satisfaction among items of education of infant care ranged from 2.47 to 3.16. Most satisfied items were buriping(3.16), bathing(3.11) and diapering(3.09). The items of which the mother's needs were high revealed the lowest satisfaction level. The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 9. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among primiparae of different characteristics were as follows : 1) Nursing needs of physical and psychological areas were significantly different among different age levels but no relationship was found on other categories regardless of the level of satisfaction. 2) With regard to different levels of education, some relationship was found in nursing needs of psychological area(p=0.007), educational needs on infant care(p=0.04) and environmental care(p=0.01). Also, the difference of satisfaction level was significant. 3) Working mothers had higher nursing needs and were more satisfied on items of physical care(p=0.05), education on self care and infant care. Difference were significant between nursing needs and level of satisfaction. 4) With regards to different religion a moderate relation was found between nursing needs of environmental care infant care education but no relationship was found on levels of satisfaction. 5) With regards to antenatal education, the mothers who have had no antenatal education revealed higher nursing needs on physical care but those who had antenatal education were more satisfied with education on self care and infant care. The difference was significant. (p=0.0001). 6) With regards to postpartum education, the mothers who have had some sort of postpartum education revealed higher nursing needs on physical and self care. And they were more satisfied with nursing of every category except infant care than mothers who had not any postpartum education. Differences was significant between the nursing needs and levels of satisfaction.(p=0.0001). 7) With regards to breast feeding experience during the hospitalization, those who had no experience of breast feeding revealed higher nursing needs on physical care in contrast to breast feeders, who had higher educational needs on infant care. And breast feeder were more satisfied with all categories. Differences was significant(p=0.0001). 8) With regards to perception of self confidence on self care and infant care, no relationship was found on nursing needs and level of satisfaction in every category of nursing.

• 대한간호
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.51-69
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• 1992

Grief that is not acknowledged and worked through may manifest itself in some emotional, mental or physical problem. In recent years much has been learned about coping with grief which the hospice program can utilize to help family members cope with their grief. This study was carried out to determine the helpfulness of the bereavement care of Severance Hospice and to learm more about the grief response of the bereaved. The tools used to collect data were an assessment form used in the bereavement program and the Grief Experience Inventory developed by Sanders and revised and translated 'by the researcher. Data was obtained from bereaved family members(54 for the final grief assessment and 39 for the grief response assessment) receiving bereavement follow-up, from July 1989 to March 1991. Results of the study were as follows: 1. Final Grief Assessment Regarding the resolution of their grief the majority of the bereaved accepted the reality of the death of their family member, while slightly more than three-quarters were able to express their feelings toward their loss. A large majority had returned to activities of daily living well or fairly well and had reinvested their energy in a person other than the deceased. In addition, the physical condition of the majority was good or fairly good. A majority of the bereaved considered the bereavement care to be helpful and almost three-quarters were not considered to be in need of more follow-up. 2. Grief Response Assessment Age was found to have a modoerately positive correlation to appetite disturbance(r=.41, P<.Ol) and loss of vigor(r=.37, P<.Ol) A moderately positive correlation was found between the number of contacts and sleep disturbance(r=2.38, P<.01) Significant differences were found between men and women in regard to guilt(t=2.38, P<.05), social isolation(t=2.44, P<.05) and depersonalization(t=2.07, P<.05) with men having the more intense grief. Significant differences were found in the grief responses of somatization(F=5.82, P<.001), physical symptoms(F=5.87, P<.OOl), appetite disturbance(F=4.40, P<.Ol), despair(3.79, P<,Ol), anger(Fp2.83, P<.05), social isolation(F=3.61, P<.05), guilt(F=3.62, P<.05) and depersonalization (F = 2.58, P <.05). In the first six of these grief responses mothers scored highest, followed by husbands and then wives, In the grief response of guilt, daughters scored highest and on the grief response of depersonalization sons scored highest. Only one grief response, that of sleep disturbance(t= -2.19, P<.05) was found to be statistically significant, with those family members who died at home having the higher scores. Based on the results of this study several suggestions are presented as follows: 1. Since unresolived grief can have a detrimental effect on the bereaved person's mental and phys. ical health it would be good for the nurse, to include questions related to death of family members and the bereaved person's response to the grief, in her nursing assessment. And in the case of unresolved grief the nurse should encourage the person to talk with a trusted friend or counselor and express their fellings of grief. 2. A study to determine the degree of resolution of the grief of those in the bereavement program could be carried out by use of the Grief Experience Inventory early in their bereavement and again 13 months after the death of their family member. 3. A comparison of the grief response of the bereaved in the bereavement program and bereaved not in the program could be carried out using the Grief Experience Inventory. 4. After bereavement programs have been started in other hospice programs it would be good to carry out a joint study of bereavement outcomes of those in the bereavement programs.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.389-409
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• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the differences between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of postpartum women during the early postpartum period. The goal of this study was to obtain needed to develope the nursing quality for postpartum women. The subjects were 87 postpartum women who had vaginal delivery at 2 general hospital and 2 maternity hospital in the Ulsan City. The period for the data collection was from June 1 to 29, 1999. The data was gathered using an 98 items questionnaire which was a modified version of a questionnaire the developed by Y. J. Chun. Results found are as follows : 1. The general characteristics of the subjects : The majority of subjects were 25-29 yrs. (57.5%), high school and college graduates(96.5%), unemployed(75.9%), middle ranged economics(93.1%), had no religion(43.7%), male baby(52.9%), birth weight 3-3.5Kg(49.4%), wanted pregnancy(96.6%), no abortion history(50.6%), had antenatal care(89.7%), had prenatal education(32.2%), postnatal education(42.5%), intended breast feeding (46.0%), had resonable self confidence about self(20.7%), infant care(36.8%) and nuclear family pattern(82.3%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care(3.93) and the levels of satisfaction(3.86) was relatively high. The nursing needs by category of nursing care, the highest need was in the emotional and psychological care(4.09), and the lowest need was in physical need(3.73). The satisfactions by category of nursing care, the highest satisfaction was in emotional and psychological care(4.11) and the lowest satisfaction was in education in self care(3.64). The significant differences between nursing needs and satisfactions were found on education in infant care(p=.005), and education in self care(p=.020). 3. Among items of physical care, 'accurate medication and treatment(4.21)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.13)', 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound (4.12)' and 'regular observation of postpartum conditions(4.09)' showed high nursing needs. 'Accurate medication and treatment(4.31)', 'regular observation of postpartum condition(4.24)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.22)' and 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound(4.12)' showed high satisfaction levels. 4. Among items of emotional and psychological care, 'personal treatment(4.32)', kind and faithful care(4.30)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.25)', 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.23)' and detailed explanation on a doubt(4.13)', showed high nursing needs, 'personal treatment(4.52)', 'kind and faithful care(4.45)', 'detailed explanation on a doubt(4.24)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.21)' and 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant except item of 'early contacts with their baby and breast feeding'. 5. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction were on the items of 'neat bedding and clothes(4.05, 4.21)' and 'room cleansing or care of room(4.01, 4.28)'. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'room cleansing of care of room'. 6. Among items of educational needs on self care, 'sitz bath method(4.22)', 'high risk symptoms to immediate clinic visits(4.13)', 'the timing of tub bath(4.05)' and 'good secretion of breast milk(4.03)', showed high nursing needs, 'sitz bath method(4.22)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'the timing of hair shampoo', 'the timing of tub bath', ' the method of pad change', 'postpartum exercise', 'good secretion of breast milk', 'maintenance of breast figure', 'contraindicated drugs in postpartum women', 'kegel exercise' and 'breast self examination'. 7. Among items of educational needs on infant care, 'immunization of infants(4.36)', 'symptoms of sickness to immediate clinic visits(4.28)'. 'safety and emergency care(4.28)', 'umbilical care(4.26)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.24)', 'normal growth and development of infant(4.24)' and 'infection control(4.22)', showed high level of nursing care, 'immunization of infants(4.21)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.17)', were high satisfaction items showed significant differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction. 8. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among postpartum women were as follows : 1) Physical area : There were no significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mothers', 'baby's weights', 'baby's sex', 'planning of feeding' and 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 2) Emotional and psychological area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different in the area of 'confidence in self care'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'baby's weights', 'the confidence of infant care' and 'working mother'. 3) Environment area : There were on significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'maternal age' and 'baby's weights'. 4) Education in self care : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history' and 'type of family formation'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mother', 'baby's sex', 'antenatal care', 'postpartum education', 'planning of feeding', 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 5) Education in infant care area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'receiving postpartum education or not' and 'working mother'.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2010

연결성이 좋지 않은 노두, 주향 경사 등의 지질 구조선을 연결하여 지질도를 작성하는 과정은 지질학자의 주관적인 견해를 배제하기 어렵다. 따라서 이러한 지질도는 좁은 지역들에서 나타나는 노두의 복잡한 공간적 분포를 이용하여 해석하게 된다. 또한, 물리탐사 자료를 이용하여 부족한 지질구조 정보를 보완하는 연구들이 수행되고 있으나, 물리탐사 자체가 가지는 역산해의 비유일성 및 각 지질 구조간의 물성 차이에 대한 불확실성으로 인하여 많은 제한점을 갖고 있다. 이번 연구에서 제안하는 방법은 예비 지질 모델 구현에 이용될 수 있는 물리탐사 자료 해석을 통해 획득된 구조 경계 정보와 지형학 자료의 삼점 해석 결과를 이용하여 주향 경사와 같은 지질 구조 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 추정된 지질 정보들이 지질 조사를 통해 획득된 정보와 결합되기 위해서는 공간 규모 측면에서의 호환 가능성이 검증되어야 하며, 검증된 자료들은 평면상의 자료로 구성되어 지질학자들이 지질도를 작성하는 과정의 초기 자료로 이용되어진다. 따라서 해석된 지질도는 추정된 지질 정보와 공간적 구조적으로 부합되어져야 한다. 이 연구에서 개발된 알고리즘은 캐나다 뉴브런즈윅주 배서스트 광산 부근 두 지역의 습곡구조에 적용하여 해석하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2012

인적자원관리는 IT기술을 접목하여 다양한 변화를 가져오고 있다. 특히 HRM이 집단차원의 관리, 물리적 사업장, 근무시간의 제약, 개인적 접촉 등 비과학적 방법으로 이루어졌다면, 현재의 전자적 인적자원관리(e-HRM)는 개별 차원의 관리, 가상 작업 공간의 등장(예. 스마트워크센터, 홈워크 등), 근무시간의 유연화 및 탄력화, 컴퓨터 기반의 통계자료 및 과학적 방법에 의한 분석 및 관리를 근간으로 이루어지고 있다는 점에서 큰 차이가 있다. 따라서 환경의 변화에 따라 기업들은 보다 효율적이고 전략적인 인적자원 관리 체계를 구축하기 위하여 RFID 카드, 지문인식 근태관리 시스템 등 다양한 기술을 도입하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 전사적 인적자원 관리를 위한 멀티 카메라를 이용하여 2D 및 3D 얼굴인식기술 기반의 근태관리, 출입통제관리 시스템을 개발하였다. 여기서는 기존 2D방식의 얼굴인식기술이 가지고 있는 문제점인 조명 및 자세에 따른 인식률 저하를 극복하여 90% 이상의 인식률을 확보하였다. 또한 3D 얼굴인식방식의 문제점인 많은 계산량을 개선하기 위하여 3D와 2D 인식기술을 병행하여 처리함으로써 하이브리드 영상인식 및 인식속도를 개선할 수 있었다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2017

최근 정보 보호가 이슈화됨에 따라 지문인식센서의 활용이 점차 증가하고 있으며, 센서 인식률 오차를 최소화 할 수 있는 품질평가를 요구한다. 지문인식센서 전극과 검사부 프로브 팁이 접촉 시 발생하는 저항 값의 변화에 의해 센서의 품질이 평가되며, 품질평가의 재현성을 확보하기 위해서는 센서 전극의 변형 유발을 최소화할 수 있는 프로브 소재의 적합성과 구조 최적화 연구가 필요하다. 프로브 팁의 적합성 평가를 위한 소재로 니켈(Ni), 스틸(SK4), 베릴륨동(Beryllium copper), 인청동(Phosphor bronze)을 비교하였으며, 프로브 팁 접촉 후 전극의 압흔 크기와 접촉저항을 고려할 때 베릴륨동이 프로브 소재로 적합하다. 검사부 프로브는 지문인식센서 전극의 물리적 손상 방지와 다수의 지문인식센서 동시 검사가 가능한 구조를 위해 일체형 프로브 방식으로 제작하였다. 검사부의 재현성은 특정 전류 값을 인가하여 지문인식센서의 전압 변화로 판단하였으며, 베릴륨동 프로브 소재와 일체형 구조를 통해 센서 전극에 프로브가 300회 접촉하는 동안 센서의 전압 변화는 ${\pm}0.003V$ 이내의 우수한 재현성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.526-537
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• 1999

Objectives : It is known that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus(DM) appears to be rapidly increasing in recent times in Korea, presumably due to a westernized diet and change of life style followed by rapid economic growth. Based on the Seoul male cohort which was constructed in 1993, this study was conducted to estimate the annual incidence rates of DM through 4 years' follow up and to determine which factors are associated with DM risk in Korean middle-aged men. Methods : Among 14,533 men recruited at baseline, 559 were excluded because they reported a history of diabetes or were found to be diabetes at 1992 routine health examination. During 4 years' follow-up, 237 incident DM cases were ascertained through chart reviews and telephone contacts for those who have ever visited hospitals or clinics under suspicion of DM during 1993-1996 and the biennial routine health examinations in 1994 and 1996. Results : In this study the annual incidence of DM among the study population was estimated to be 0.5 per 100. This study showed that fasting glucose level at initial baseline examination was a powerful predictor of risk for diabetes several years later(fasting blood glucose of $\geq$ 110 mg/dl compared with $\leq$ 80 mg/dl, Hazard Ratio[HR]:15.6, 95% Confidence interval[CI]=9.1-26.6) after considering potential covariates such as age, family history, smoking and alcohol history, body mass index, physical activity, total energy intake, and total fiber intake. Adjusted hazard ratios of family history of diabetes was 1.95(95% CI=1.38-2.75); of obesity as measured by BMI(BMI $\geq$ 25.3 compared with $\leq$ 21.3) was 7.19(95% CI=3,75-13.8); of weight change during middle life(>10kg compared with $\leq$ 5) was 1.77(95% CI=1.16-2.69); of smoking(current vs none) was 1.93(95% CI=1.06-3.51); and fat intake(upper fertile compared with lower fertile) was 1.88(95% CI=1.01-3.49), while fiber intake was associated with the reduced risk(HR=0.36, 95% CI=0.19-0.67). Conclusion : The factors identified in this study indicate that the greatest reduction in risk of diabetes might be achieved through population-based efforts that promote fiber intake and reduce obesity, smoking, and fat intake.