• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.31-69
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• 1996

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze stress distribution in implant supporting tissue according to different types of attachments such as combination bar attachment, Hader bar attachment, O-Ring attachment and Dal-Ro attachment that are used in mandibular overdenture by using two osseointegrated implants, to study the influence that POM IMC used in bar type attachment has in implant supporting tissue and compare the preceding analyses to find out an effective stress distribution method. Three dimensional photoelastic method was used to obtain the following results. (A) Analysis of stress distribution according to attachment type 1. Under vertical load condition, compressive stress was seen at implant supporting area of working side on all the photoelastic models but in Hader bar attachment tensional stress was seen at distal upper area of implant supporting area. Relatively Hader bar and O-Ring attachment showed even stress distribution pattern. 2. Under vertical load condition, compressive stress at implant apex area and tensional stress at implant lateral supporting area were seen at nonworking side of all models. 3. Under $25^{\circ}$ lateral load condition, general compressive stress was seen at working side implant supporting area in most of the models, especially at distal upper supporting area higher compressive stress concentration was seen in combination bar attachment and tensional stress concentration, in Hader bar attachment. 4. Under $25^{\circ}$ lateral load condition, compressive stress at implant apex area and tensional stress at implant lateral supporting area were seen at nonworking side of all models, except O-Ring model which showed compressive stress only. (B) Influence of POM IMC to stress distribution in bar type attachment 5. Under vertical load condition, better stress distribution pattern was seen at working side of combination bar and Hader bar attachment model using POM IMC. 6. Under vertical load condition, stress value was increased at nonworking side of combination bar attachment model using POM IMC and tendency of increasing compression was seen at nonworking side of Hader bar attachment model using POM IMC. 7. Under $25^{\circ}$ lateral load condition, better stress distribution pattern was seen at working side of combination bar attachment model using POM IMC but tendency of increasing stress was seen on working side of Hader bar attachment model using POM IMC. 8. Under $25^{\circ}$ lateral load condition, stress reduction was seen at nonworking side of combination bar attachment model using POM IMC but tendency of increasing stress was seen at nonworking side of Hader bar attachment model using POM IMC.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2010

임플란트 보철물에 의도적으로 불량 적합을 부여하고, 수직 하중을 가한 후 주변골에 발생되는 응력의 분포를 광탄성 모델을 이용하여 비교 하는 것이다. 광탄성 레진블록 3개를 제작하고 각각에 3개의 Restore$^{(R)}$ $4.0{\times}10$ mm 임플란트를 식립하였다. 대조군은 부적합이 없도록 제작하였고, 실험군은 각각의 금관을 절단하여 $100{\mu}m$의 부적합을 부여한 후 광탄성 응력분석을 시행하였다. 대조군의 경우 하중을 가하지 않으면 응력 집중을 보이지 않았으며, 하중을 가하더라도 그 부위만 응력 집중을 보였고, 중간에 하중을 가하면 전후방으로 응력이 분산되는 양상을 보였다. 의도적으로 부적합을 부여한 경우 하중을 가하지 않더라도 나사를 조이면 고정체 주위에 응력이 발생했고, 하중을 가한 경우 하중을 가한 부위를 포함하여 주변 임플란트에도 응력이 집중되었다. 특히, UCLA로 제작된 보철물이 원추형 중간 지대주를 사용한 경우에 비해 더욱 응력이 집중되었는데, 치근단에서 시작하여 치축을 따라 치경부까지 집중되었다. 보철물의 적합도가 좋지 않은 경우 하중을 가하지 않더라도 응력이 집중되며, 하중을 가할 경우 더욱 심한 응력 집중 양상을 보인다는 점은 정확한 보철물 제작의 중요성을 말하고 있다.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1966

The maximum shear stress distribution in a stiffening flat attached to a plat undergoing a single tensile force has been investigated by photoelastic method. In the experiments a photoelastic model, as shown in Fig. 1, has been studied in the fields of a polariscope, as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the isoclinics and Fig. 4 and 5 are stress trajectories of the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses, respectively. Fig. 6 is the isochromatics in light field. The maximum shear stress at each point in the stiffener were determined from the isochromatics in both of light field of light field and dark field. Then the maximum shear stresses were divided by the average shear stress in the model, to obtain the ratio ${\tau}max/{\tau}av$ at each point. Finaly the variations of the ratio ${\tau}max/{\tau}av$ along the horizontal and vertical lines in the stiffener have been plotted, as shown in Fig. 7 and 8. The conclusions reached in this investigation are as follows: (1) The shear stresses transmitted to the stiffener through the juncture are concentrated on the end portions. (2) The maximum shear stress at the ends of the stiffener reaches to about 4 times of average shear stress. (3) The irregularities in the stress distribution are restricted in the end portions of the stiffener.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.643-659
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• 1993

This study was performed for the purpose of evaluating the stress distributions around five different types of implants according to their structures. The stress distribution around the surrounding bone was analysed by two-dimensional photoelastic method. Five epoxy resin models were made, and vertical and lateral forces were applied to the models. A circular polariscope was used to record the isochromatic fringes. The results of this study were summerized as follows : 1. Threaded type implants showed more even stress distribution patterns than cylinderical type implants when vertical and lateral forces were applied. 2. The stress concentrated patterns were observed at the neck portion and middle portion of the cylindrical type implants comparing with threaded type implants when vertical force was applied. 3. Model 1 and model 4 which are tthreaded type implants showed similar stress distribution patterns at the middle and apical portions and more stress was concentrated at the neck porion of model 1 comparing with model 4 when vertical force was applied. The stresses around model 1 were more evenly distributed when lateral force was applied. 4. More stress was concentrated at the neck and middle portion of cylindrical type implants than threaded type implants when lateral force was applied. 5. Model 1 showed the most even stress distribution patterns when lateral force was applied and stress distribution did no occured at the apical portion of modedl 2 when lateral force was applied. 6. There were almost no differences in stress concentrated patterns with or without having hollow design. And the stress concentrated patterns were observed at the corner of apex in model 5 which has hollow design when vertical force was applied.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.902-910
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• 1994

Residual stress measurements were made for cylindrical glass rods to compare experimental results with the calculated values obtained by Instant Freezing Model. According to the photoelastic measurements, the stress ratio of surface compression and center tension was increased from 1.4 to 2.0 as the heat-treatment temperature was lowered, the fictitious forzen temperature was found to be closer to the heat-treatment temperature and the fictitious coefficient was increased.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.1947-1955
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• 2013

본 논문의 목적은 얕은 기초 하중을 받는 입상체 내의 응력의 분포와 변위를 측정하는 광탄성 기법의 적용 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 광탄성 측정기법은 입자 집합체의 힘 전달을 시각화하기 위해 사용 되었다. 실내 모형시험은 스틸 프레임으로 경계면을 만들고 폴리카보네이트 탄성중합체로 만들어진 이차원 원형 입자들을 적층하여 구성하였다. 광탄성 시트를 원형 입자에 코팅함으로써 힘 전달의 패턴을 밝은 빛의 줄무늬 형태로 확인할 수 있었고, 광탄성 측정 기법을 통해 접촉되어 있는 입자들에서의 주 응력차의 크기, 방향 또한 측정 할 수 있었다. 변위장은 디지털 이미지 해석 기법을 사용하여 측정 하였다. 하중 재하 초기 상태와 파괴 근처의 상태에서 서로 다른 접촉력의 분포를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 파괴 이전 단계에서 관측된 광탄성 패턴과 변위장은 접촉력 사슬의 좌굴 발생 이후 즉시 사라짐을 확인하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of orthopedic forces on the craniofacial complex utilizing the three kinds of the head gear. (high pull head gear, straight pull head gear, cervical pull head gear) For this study, the teeth and alveolar bone and palate were reproduced from birefringent materials and other parts of craniofacial complex were coated with birefringent material on the model. The effect of orthopedic forces on the craniofacial complex was analyzed by photoelastic method using transmission polariscope and reflection polariscope. The results were as follows. 1. The cervical pull head gear had the greatest tipping effect on the maxillary molars and high pull head gear had the least tipping effect. 2. In areas stressed, the cervical pull head gear stressed the greatest degree. 3. Only cervical pull head gear produced stress at the zygomaticofrontal suture and the posterior region of palate. 4. The straight pull head gear and high pull head gear produced stress at just inferior to the anterior nasal spine. 5. The cervical pull head gear and straight pull head gear produced tensile stress at the fronto-maxillary suture. 6. The pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone, the zygomatic arches, the junction of the maxilla with the lacrimal and ethmoid bone, and the maxillary molars were affected by three types of head gear.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.473-482
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress distribution of the surrounding tissues according to 3 proximal plate types of the RPI clasp. Methods: The removeable partial denture which mandibular right and left second premolars and mandibular molars were lost was attached to a three dimensional photo elastic epoxy resin model. Then 120N of vertical load was applied. After 3-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis was used to record the isochromatic fringe patterns. Results: Kratochvil type guiding plane exhibited little uniform stress distribution on load center and alveolar ridge, but higher stress concentration on buccal surface of second premolar. Krol type guiding plane exhibited the stress concentration on the front of load center and relatively higher stress concentration on buccal surface of first premolar. However, this type had no effect on canine. Researcher type guiding plane showed the stress concentration on second premolar and molar, but the little stress distribution on first premolar. Conclusion: In all types, excessive stress concentration was appeared and three types were not significant different.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.507-524
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• 2002

Load transfer of implant overdenture varies depending on anchorage systems that are the design of the superstructure and substructure and the choice of attachment. Overload by using improper anchorage system not only will cause fracture of the framework or screw but also may cause failure of osseointegration. Choosing anchorage system in making prosthesis, therefore, can be considered to be one of the most important factors that affect long-term success of implant treatment. In this study, in order to determine the effect of anchorage systems on load transfer in mandibular implant overdenture in which 4 implants were placed in the interforaminal region, patterns of stress distribution in implant supporting bone in case of unilateral vertical loading on mandibular left first molar were compared each other according to various types of anchorage system using three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis. The five photoelastic overdenture models utilizing Hader bar without cantilever using clips(type 1), cantilevered Hader bar using clips(type 2), cantilevered Hader bar with milled surface using clips(type 3), cantilevered milled-bar using swivel-latchs and frictional pins(type 4), and Hader bar using clip and ERA attachments(type 5), and one cantilevered fixed-detachable prosthesis(type 6) model as control were fabricated. The following conclusions were drawn within the limitations of this study, 1. In all experimental models. the highest stress was concentrated on the most distal implant supporting bone on loaded side. 2. Maximum fringe orders on ipsilateral distal implant supporting bone in a ascending order is as follows: type 5, type 1, type 4, type 2 and type 3, and type 6. 3. Regardless of anchorage systems. more or less stresses were generated on the residual ridge under distal extension base of all overdenture models. To summarize the above mentioned results, in case of the patients with unfavorable biomechanical conditions such as not sufficient number of supporting implants, short length of the implant and unfavorable antero-posterior spread. selecting resilient type attachment or minimizing distal cantilever bar is considered to be appropriate methods to prevent overloading on implants by reducing cantilever effect and gaining more support from the distal residual ridge.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.425-442
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• 2004

Statement of problem: A difficulty in achieving a passive-fitting prosthesis can be overcome by individual crown restoation of multiple implants. But individualized crown has another difficulty in control of contact tightness and stress distribution. Purpose: This in vitro study is to evaluate the stress distribution and the magnitude in the supporting tissues around Endopore implants with different crown lengths, interproximal contact tightness, and the splinting effects. Material & methods: Three Endopore implants($4.1{\times}9mm$) were placed in the mandibular posterior edentulous area distal to the canine and photoelastic model was made with PL-2 resin(Measurements Group, Raleigh, USA). Restorations were fabricated in two crown lengths: 9, 13 mm. For non-splinted restorations, individual crowns were fabricated on three custom-milled titanium abutments. After the units were cemented, 4 levels of interproximal contact tightness were evaluated: open, ideal($8{\mu}m$ shim stock drags without tearing), medium($40{\mu}m$), and heavy($80{\mu}m$). For splinted restorations, 3-unit fixed partial dentures were fabricated. This study was examined under simulated non-loaded and loaded conditions(6.8 kg). Photoelastic stress analysis was carried out to measure the fringe order around the implant supporting structure. Results: 1. When restorations were not splinted, the more interproximal contact tightness was increased among the three implants, the more stress was shown in the cervical region of each implant. When crown length was increased, stresses tended to increase in the apex of implants but there were little differences in stress fringes. 2. When nonsplinted restorations were loaded on the first or third implant, stresses were increased in the apex and cervical region of loaded implant. Regardless of interproximal contact tightness level, stresses were not distributed among the three implants. But with tighter interproximal contact, stresses were increased in the cervical region of loaded first or third implant. 3. When the nonsplinted restorations were not loaded, there were little stresses on the supporting structure of implants, but low level stresses were shown in the splinted restorations even after sectioning and soldering. 4. With splinted restorations, there were little differences in stresses between different crown lengths. When splinted restorations were loaded, stresses were increased slightly on the loaded implant, but relatively even stress distribution occurred among the three implants. Conclusions: Splinting the crowns of adjacent implants is recommended for Endopore implants under the overloading situation.