• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2002

In the rice leaves treated with methyl viologen (MV), the photochemical efficiency of PSII (or $F_{v/}$F $m_{m}$) was significantly decreased, and significant portion of the photoinactivation process was reversible during the dark-recovery. The dark-reactivation process was relatively slow, reaching its plateau after 2-2.5 h of dark incubation. The damaged portion of functional PSII was 13％, based on the value of I/ $F_{o}$- I/ $F_{m}$ after this dark-recovery period. The reversible photoinactivation process of PSII function in the MV-treated leaves consisted of a xanthophyll cycle-dependent development of NPQ and a xanthophyll cycle-independent process. The latter process was reversible in the presence of nigericin. As well as the increase in the values of Chl fluorescence parameters, the epoxidation process during the dark-recovery after the MV-induced photooxidation was very slow. These results suggest that the photooxidative effect of MV is partly protected by the down-regulation of PSII before inducing physical damages in core proteins of PSII.I.I.I.I.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to determine the drought stress index through photochemical analysis in red pepper (Capsiumannuum L.). The photochemical interpretation was performed in the basis of the relation between Kautsky effect and Photosystem II (PSII) following the measurement of chlorophyll, pheophytin contents, and $CO_2$ assimilation in drought stressed 5-week-old red pepper plants. The $CO_2$ assimilation rate was severely lowered with almost 77% reduction of chlorophyll and pheophytin contents at four days after non-irrigation. It was clearly observed that the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rose from a minimum level (the O level), in less than one second, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I (OJIP process). Drought factor index (DFI) was also calculated using measured OJIP parameters. The DFI was -0.22, meaning not only the initial inhibition of PSII but also sequential inhibition of PSI. In real, most of all photochemical parameters such as quantum yield of the electron transport flux from Quinone A ($Q_A$) to Quinone B ($Q_B$), quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, average absorbed photon flux per PSII reaction center, and electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per cross section were profoundly reduced except number of QA reducing reaction centers (RCs) per PSII antenna chlorophyll (RC/ABS). It was illuminated that at least 6 parameters related with quantum yield/efficiency and specific energy fluxes (per active PSII RC) could be applied to be used as the drought stress index. Furthermore, in the combination of parameters, driving forces (DF) for photochemical activity could be deduced from the performance index (PI) for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna until the reduction of PSI acceptors. In conclusion, photochemical responses and their related parameters can be used as physiological DFI.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Analysis of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence implicated treatment of 40 mM NaCl decreased maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of PSII (${\Phi}_{PSII}$), and photochemical quenching (qP) in rice, but increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Decreases in Fv/Fm, ${\Phi}_{PSII}$, and qP were significantly alleviated by $30\;{\mu}M$ jasmonic acid (JA), while NPQ increase was enhanced. Transcription levels of antioxidant isoenzyme genes were differentially modulated by NaCl treatment. Expression of cCuZn-SOD2 gene increased, while those of cAPXb, CATb, and CATc genes decreased. JA prevented salt-induced decrease of pCuZn-SOD gene expression, but caused greater decrease in mRNA levels of cAPXa and Chl_tAPX genes. Investigation of vacuolar $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger (NHX2) and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene expressions revealed transcription level of NHX2 gene was increased by JA, regardless of NaCl presence, while that of P5CS gene slightly increased only in co-presence of JA and NaCl. Unlike JA, ${\gamma}$-radiation rarely affected expressions of antioxidant isoenzyme, NHX2, and P5CS genes, except for increase in mRNA level of Chl_tAPX and decrease in that of pCuZn-SOD. These results demonstrate enhanced salt-tolerance in JA-treated rice seedlings may be partly due to high transcription levels of pCuZn-SOD, NHX2, and P5CS genes under salt stress.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2007

The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis was studied by the simultaneous measurements of $O_2$ evolution and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in tobacco leaves. When the tobacco leaves were teated with UV-B (1 $W{\cdot}m^{-2}$), the maximal photosynthetic $O_2$, evolution (Pmax; 4.60 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) at 200 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) was decreased with increasing time of UV-B treatment showing 80% decline after 4 h treatment. Chl fluorescence parameters were also affected by ultraviolet-B. Fo was increased while both Fm and Fv were decreased, resulted in the decreased of photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). Non-radiative dissipation of absorbed light as heat as estimated as NPQ (Fm/Fm' - 1) was also decreased with increasing time of UV-B treatment while the extent of photochemical quenching (qP) was not changed. Thus, the ratio of (1-qP)/NPQ parameter was also increased with increasing time of UV-B treatment indicating PSII is under the threat of photoinhibition. The result indicate that UV-B primarily decreases the capacity to dissipate excitation energy by trans-thylakoid pH, which in turn inhibits PSII activity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1143-1153
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• 2016

Plant biomass, photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activity, photosynthetic function, and zinc (Zn) accumulation were investigated in a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ S. sudanense) exposed to various Zn concentrations to determine the elimination capacity of Zn from soils. Plant growth and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid decreased with increasing Zn concentration. Symptoms of Zn toxicity, i.e., withering and discoloration of old leaves, were found at Zn concentrations over 800 ppm. PSII photochemical activity, as indicated by the values of $F_v/F_m$ and $F_v/F_o$, decreased significantly three days after exposure to Zn concentrations of 800 ppm or more. Photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate (A) was high between Zn concentrations of 100-200 ppm ($22.5{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), but it declined as Zn concentration increased. At Zn concentrations of 800 and 1600 ppm, A was 14.1 and $1.8{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. The patterns of stomatal conductance ($g_s$), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) were all similar to that of photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate, except for dark respiration ($R_d$), which showed an opposite pattern. Zn was accumulated in both above- and below-ground parts of plants, but was more in the below-ground parts. Magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) concentrations were significantly low in the leaves of plants, and symptoms of Mg or Fe deficiency, such as a decrease in the SPAD value, were found when plants were treated with Zn concentrations above 800 ppm. These results suggest that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid is able to accumulate Zn to high level in plant body and eliminate it with its rapid growth and high biomass yield.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.373-380
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• 1995

$25^{\circ}C,\;100\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$의 광량 조건에서 25일 동안 키운 고추의 제 1엽에서 광억제를 유도하였다. $25^{\circ}C에서\;0~3000\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$의 광량으로 0~70분 동안 처리하여 얻은 photon exposure [mol photons.m-2, 광량과 빛 조사 시간의 곱, Bell과 Rose (1981)]에 대한 산소 발생의 광양자 수율과 QA 환원의 광화학 효율(형광 파라미터 Fv/Fm)을 조사하여 광계II 기능의 변화를 조사하였다. Photon exposure가 증가함에 따라 산소 발생의 광양자 수율은 곡선적으로, Fv/Fm은 일치 직선형으로 감소하였는데, 각각은 $5.5\;mol\;photons{\cdot}m^{-2},\;10\;mol\;photons{\cdot}m^{-2}$에서 광계II의 활성이 50% 감소하였다. 저온($15^{\circ}C$)과 고온($45^{\circ}C$)에서 광합선능을 조사하였을 때 저온에서는 광양자수율과 Fv/Fm 비율의 변화가 거의 없었으나 고온에서는 이들의 감소가 뚜렷하게 일어났다. 그러나 빛과 온도를 함께 처리하였을 경우, 저온과 고온조건 모두에서 현저한 광억제가 일어났다. 이로 미루어 보아 저온과 고온에서 나타나는 광억제의 촉진 현상은 서로 다른 메카니즘을 통해 일어나는 것으로 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.300-310
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• 2016

Pathogen infection in plants induces complex responses ranging from gene expression to metabolic processes in infected plants. In spite of many studies on biotic stress-related changes in host plants, little is known about the metabolic and phenotypic responses of the host plants to Pseudomonas cichorii infection based on image-based analysis. To investigate alterations in tomato plants according to disease severity, we inoculated plants with different cell densities of P. cichorii using dipping and syringe infiltration methods. High-dose inocula (${\geq}10^6cfu/ml$) induced evident necrotic lesions within one day that corresponded to bacterial growth in the infected tissues. Among the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters analyzed, changes in quantum yield of PSII (${\Phi}PSII$) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) preceded the appearance of visible symptoms, but maximum quantum efficiency of PSII ($F_v/F_m$) was altered well after symptom development. Visible/near infrared and chlorophyll fluorescence hyperspectral images detected changes before symptom appearance at low-density inoculation. The results of this study indicate that the P. cichorii infection severity can be detected by chlorophyll fluorescence assay and hyperspectral images prior to the onset of visible symptoms, indicating the feasibility of early detection of diseases. However, to detect disease development by hyperspectral imaging, more detailed protocols and analyses are necessary. Taken together, change in chlorophyll fluorescence is a good parameter for early detection of P. cichorii infection in tomato plants. In addition, image-based visualization of infection severity before visual damage appearance will contribute to effective management of plant diseases.

• 환경생물
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.199-204
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• 1999

여름철 자연조건에서 자라는 두릅나무과 식물 잎의 SOD활성과 광계II의 광화학적 효율의 차이를 분석하고 온도 스트레스와 paraquat의 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 두릅나무과 식물 6종의 잎으로부터 총 8개의 superoxide dismutase(SOD) isoenzyme이 구분되었다. 그 중, 섬오갈피나무 (Acanthopanax koreanum)에서는 두릅나무과 식물에 공통적인 2개의 isoenzyme (SOD 4와 SOD 6)이 높은 활성으로 검출되었고, 황칠나무(Dendropanax morbifera)에서는 두릅나무과 식물이 갖는 8개의 isoenzyme이 모두 검출되었다. 광계II의 광화학적 효율을 나타내는 Fv/Fm은 낙엽성 식물에서는 섬오갈피나무가 다른 종보다 높았으며, 상록성 식물에서는 음지에 위치해 있는 잎이 양지에 위치해 있는 잎보다 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 섬오갈피나무 잎 disc의 Fv/Fm은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 감소하였지만 황칠나무 잎 disc에서는 35$^{\circ}C$에서 현저하게 감소하였다. 그리고 온도 스트레스와 함께 paraquat를 처리하였을 때 섬오갈피나무에서는 4$^{\circ}C$에서, 황칠나무에서는 35$^{\circ}C$에서 Fv/Fm이 억제되었다. 한편, SOD 활성은 섬오갈피나무 잎 disc에서는 4$^{\circ}C$와 28$^{\circ}C$에서 높았고 paraquat를 함께 처리하였을 매에는 모든 온도에서 활성이 높아졌다. .그러나, 황칠나무 잎 disc에서는 온도가 높아짐에 따라 SOD활성이 억제되었고 paraquat를 함께 처리하였을 때에는 더욱 억제되었다. 따라서, 섬오갈피나무는 황칠나무에 비하여 온도 스트레스나 산화적 스트레스에 효율적으로 대처하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

Photosynthetic responses to dehydration were examined by the simulataneous measurement of O2 evolution and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in green pepper leaves. Dehydration was induced by immersing the plant roots directly in the Hoagland solution containing varying concentration (2-30%) of polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000) . Water potential of the leaf was decreased time-and concentation -dependently by PEG-treatment. The decrease in water potential of leaf was correlated with the decrease in both the maximal photosynthesis (Pmax) and quantum yield of O2 evolution, but Pmax dropped more rapidly than quantum yield at all water deficit conditions tested. However, Chl fluorescence parameters were not affected much. Dehydration did not change the initial fluorescence (Fo) and maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) of photosystem(PS) II. Both the photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) were not changed by dehydration under low PFR(50 $\mu$mols m-2s-1 ). In contrast, under high PFR(270$\mu$mols m-2s-1)qP was slightly decreased while NPQ was greatly increased. The fast induction kinetics of Chl fluroecence showed no change in Chl fluorescence pattern by dehydration at high PFR (640 $\mu$mols m-2s-1 ), but exhibited a significant drop in peak level(Fp)at low PRFR (70$\mu$mols m-2s-1 ). PS I oxidation and reduction kinetics revealed normal reduction but delayed oxidation to P-700+, suggesting no lesionin electron flow from PSII to PSI , but impaired electron transport to NADP+,These results suggest that water stress caused by PEG-treatment results in the reduction of photosynthesis, promarily due to the reducted electron trasport from PSI to NADP+ or hampered subsequent steps involving Calvin Cycle.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2005

건조 스트레스에 의한 광합성 기구의 피해 양상을 파악하기 위하여 사시나무를 대상으로 광합성 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 사시나무의 뿌리를 채취하여 근 맹아를 유도하고 각 개체를 증식한 후 실험에 사용하였다. 건조처리는 PEG농도를 무처리구인 대조구와 $0\%,\;2\%,\;5\%,\;and\;10\%$ 처리구로 구분하여, 주1회 300ml씩 관수하여 4주 후 광합성 특성과 광화학계 및 탄소고정계를 분석하였다 수분스트레스의 강도가 증가함에 따라 사시나무의 광합성속도, 기공전도도 및 증산속도는 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 광화학계에서 PEG 처리농도의 증가는 PSII의 양자수율을 감소시켰으며, 이러한 전자에너지 전달의 감소는 순양자수율도 감소시켰다. 한편 호흡속도는 PEG 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으나, 탄소고정계의 광호흡속도는 반대로 증가하였다. 결론적으로 사시나무는 건조스트레스를 받으면 광합성관련 기구가 매우 민감하게 반응하며, 그들의 민감성은 수분스트레스의 강도에 좌우된다. 한편 사시나무는 수분이용효율의 증가와 같은 수분스트레스에 대한 내성 조절 능력을 보여준다.