• 센서학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2020

Typically, photoacoustic images are obtained in water or gelatin because the impedance of these mediums is similar to that of the human body. However, these acoustic mediums can have an additional mass effect that changes the resonance frequency of the transducer. The acoustic radiation impedance in air is negligible because it is very small compared to that of the transducer. However, the high acoustic impedance of mediums such as the human body and water is quite large compared to that of air, making it difficult to ignore. Specifically, in a case where the equivalent mass is very small, such as with a micro-machined ultrasound transducer, the additional mass effects of the acoustic medium should be considered for an accurate resonance frequency design. In this study, a piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) was designed to have a resonance frequency of 10 MHz in the acoustic medium of water, which has similar impedance as the human body. At that time, the resonance frequency of the pMUT in air was calculated at 15.2 MHz. When measuring the center displacement of the manufactured pMUT using a laser vibrometer, the resonance frequencies were measured as 14.3-15.1 MHz, which is consistent with the finite element method (FEM) simulation results. Finally, photoacoustic images of human hair samples were successfully obtained using the fabricated pMUT.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.360-365
• /
• 1992

고체 시료의 상전이 현상을 연구하기 위하여 온도 가변용 광음향 cell과 dewar를 제작하였고, 이 장치를 이용하여 wood's metal의 상전이 온도를 측정하였다. 실험 결과는 융점으로 알려진 343 K와 잘 일치하고, 잠열(latent heat)이 존재하는 1차 상전이임을 나타냈으며 supercooling 현상이 존재한다는 것을 알았다. 고체-액체 상전이와 같은 1차 상전이의 경우 잠열이 존재하며 이러한 잠열은 시료의 온도를 올리며 측정할 경우 상전이 온도 부근에서 광음향 신호의 급작스런 감소를 발생시킨다. 그러나 온도를 내릴 경우 광음향 신호에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하므로 광음향 측정은 상전이의 차수를 결정할 수도 있음을 물론, 고체의 상전이 현상 연구에 유용한 방법임을 입증하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.467-469
• /
• 1995

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제25권11호
• /
• pp.1483-1491
• /
• 2001

Enhancement of pulsed-laser ablation by an artificially deposited liquid film is presented. Measurements of ablation rate, ablation threshold, and surface topography arc performed. Correlation between material ablation and photoacoustic effect is examined by the optical beam deflection method. The dependence of ablation rate on liquid-film thickness and chemical composition is also examined. The results indicate that photomechanical effect in the phase explosion of liquid is responsible for the enhanced ablation. The low critical temperature of liquid induces explosive vaporization with localized photoacoustic excitation in the superheat limit and increases the ablation efficiency. Experiments were carried out utilizing a Q-swiched Nd:YAG laser at near-threshold laser fluences with negligible plasma effect (up to ∼100 MW/cm$^2$).

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.188-191
• /
• 2004

A new laser Doppler velocimeter employing a $CO_2$ laser has been developed by using its photoacoustic effect. A change in the pressure of a discharge, induced by mixing of a returned wave with an originally existing wave inside the cavity, is employed to detect the Doppler frequency shift. We found that a Doppler frequency shift as small as 50 kHz was detected, and also a good linear relationship between the velocity and the Doppler frequency shift was obtained.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.323-328
• /
• 2021

Background Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat lymphedema. Volumetric measurements and quality-of-life assessments are often performed to assess the effectiveness of LVA, but there is no method that provides information regarding postoperative morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins after LVA. Photoacoustic lymphangiography (PAL) is an optical imaging technique that visualizes the distribution of light-absorbing molecules, such as hemoglobin or indocyanine green (ICG), and provides three-dimensional images of superficial lymphatic vessels and the venous system simultaneously. In this study, we performed PAL in lymphedema patients before and after LVA and compared the images to evaluate the effect of LVA. Methods PAL was performed using the PAI-05 system in three patients (one man, two women) with lymphedema, including one primary case and two secondary cases, before LVA. ICG fluorescence lymphography was performed in all cases before PAL. Follow-up PAL was performed between 5 days and 5 months after LVA. Results PAL enabled the simultaneous visualization of clear lymphatic vessels that could not be accurately seen with ICG fluorescence lymphography and veins. We were also able to observe and analyze morphological changes such as the width and the number of lymphatic vessels and veins during the follow-up PAL after LVA. Conclusions By comparing preoperative and postoperative PAL images, it was possible to analyze the morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins that occurred after LVA. Our study suggests that PAL would be useful when assessing the effect of LVA surgery.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2016

수 MHz의 초음파를 이용하는 저주파 광음향 영상장치에 적용하는 것을 목적으로 압전단결정 PMN-PZT를 사용한 바늘형 수중청음기를 설계 제작하고, 그 특성을 수신감도가 알려져 있는 상용 PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride) 수중청음기와 비교하여 평가하였다. 설계한 수중청음기의 임펄스응답을 KLM 모델에 의해 시뮬레이션한 결과, $50{\Omega}$의 종단 임피던스에 걸리는 최대 전압을 기준으로 한 수신감도는 -261.6 dB re $1V/{\mu}Pa$이며, 2 ~ 12 MHz 대역에서 5 dB 이내의 비교적 평탄한 특성을 가지는 것으로 예측되었다. 제작한 수중청음기의 수신감도를 순음 펄스를 사용하여 측정한 결과, 측정 가능한 2 ~ 8 MHz 대역에서 상용의 수중청음기에 비해 평균 10.9 dB 높게 나타났으며, 그 값은 $-255.8{\pm}2.8$ dB re $1V/{\mu}Pa$이었다. 나아가, 제작한 수중청음기를 기계주사형 광음향 영상장치에 적용하여 머리카락에 대한 영상을 획득하였는바, 수신된 광음향 신호가 상용의 것보다 크고, 영상 또한 우수함을 알았다.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.380-384
• /
• 1998

최근 고출력 에너지를 가진 레이저가 개발됨에 따라 레이저에 사용되는 반사경은 높은 열충격에도 견디며 효율적으로 냉각되어야 하므로 열확산도가 큰 광학박막의 연구가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 굴절률이 다른 두 물질 MgFz와 ZnS의 증착 속도를 10$\AA$/s, 20$\AA$/s로 하고, 증착시 기판온도를 5$0^{\circ}C$, 10$0^{\circ}C$, 15$0^{\circ}C$, 20$0^{\circ}C$로 각각 다르게 하여 2층의 무반사막을 증착한 후 광음향효과를 이용하여 박막면에 수직한 방향의열확산도를 측정하였다. 시편 설계시 각 물질의 광학적 두께는 광원인 Ar+ 레이저(λ=514.5 nm)광에 대하여 MgFz 는 5/4λ이고, ZnS 는 λ가 되도록 하였고, 제작된 시료에 입사하는 광의주파수를 변화시키며 시료에서 발생되는 광음향신호의 크기를 측정하여 증착조건이 다를 때의 열확산도를 구하였다. 그 결과 증착속도가 10$\AA$/s 일 때와 기판온도가 15$0^{\circ}C$일 경우에 열확산도가 가장 큰 값을 나타내었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.574-578
• /
• 1993

Laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy (LIPAS), which utilizes the photothermal effect that results from nonradiative relaxation of excited state molecules, was used in the speciation analysis of the complexes of neodymium(III) and water soluble synthetic polyelectrolyte, poly methacrylic acid (PMAA), in 0.1 M $NaClO_4$ at pH of 6.0. The minimum detection limit of Nd(III) by LIPAS was $5.O{\times}10^{-6}$ M. Experiment was carried out at low concentration ratio of Nd(III) to PMAA to assure that 1 : 1 complexes predominate. The bound and free Nd(III) species were characterized by measuring nonradiative relaxation energy of the excited states $(^2GM{7/2}\;and\;^4G_{5/2})$ to the metastable state $(^4G_{3/2})$. Two species were quantified by deconvolution of the mixed spectrum using their respective reference spectra. The conditional stability constant measured by LIPAS was 5.52 L$mol^{-1}$.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국결정성장학회 1997년도 Proceedings of the 13th KACG Technical Meeting `97 Industrial Crystallization Symposium(ICS)-Doosan Resort, Chunchon, October 30-31, 1997
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 1997

We investigated the effect of mechanical backside damage in Czochralski silicon wafer. The intensity of mechanical damage were evaluated by minority carrier recombination lifetime by a laser excitation/microwave reflection photoconductance decay method, photo-acoustic displacement method, X-ray section topography, and wet oxidation/preferential etch methods. The data indicate that the higher the mechanical damage intensity, the lower the minority carrier lifetime, and the photoacoustic displacement values are also increased proportionally.