• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제40호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2000

There are sentences where sentence stress is imposed on a specific word. These sentences are called 'focused sentences'. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variation of pitch, duration, amplitude in focused words. It is noted that pitch of a focused word is higher than that of unfocused words irrespective of the accentual pattern, and that contour tones such as HL or LH are realized longer when these tones appear in focused words. Not only the noun but also the following particle like '-boda' is higher when these words are in focus. Hence pitch is proved to be the most salient prosodic feature of the focused sentence.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 2월 학술대회지
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• pp.137-155
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to generate a pitch contour which is affected by tile phonetic environment and the number of syllables in each Korean isolated word using a neural network. To do this, we analyzed a set of 513 Korean isolated words, consisting of 1-4 syllables and extracted the pitch contour and the duration of each phoneme in all the words. The total number of phonemes we analyzed is about 3800. After that we approximated the pitch contour with a 1st order polynominal by a regression analysis. We could get the slope, the initial pitch and the duration of each phoneme. We used these 3 parameters as the target pattern of the neural network and let the neural network learn the rule of the variation of the pitch and duration, which was affected by the phonetic environment of each phoneme. We used 7 consecutive phoneme strings as an input pattern for a neural network to make the network learn the effect of phonetic environment around the center phoneme. In the learning phase, we used 3545 items(463 words) as target patterns which contained the phonetic environment of front and rear 3 phonemes and the neural network showed the correctness rate of 98.43%, 98.59%, 97.7% in the estimation of the duration, the slope, the initial pitch. In the recall phase, we tested the performance of tile neural network with 251 items(50 words) which weren't need as learning data and we could get the good correctness rate of 97.34%, 95.45%, 96.3% in the generation of the duration, the slope, and the initial pitch of each phoneme.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 5월 학술대회지
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• pp.196-199
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• 2003

The results of this thesis show that Seoul dialect speakers neutralized /$\varepsilon$/ and /e/ to /E/ about 80％ and the old aged generations pronounced /ㅐ/ and /ㅔ/ as it is than the young aged generations's.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제35_36호
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• pp.175-188
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• 1998

Database segmented and labeled up to phoneme level plays an important role in phonetic research and speech engineering. However, it usually requires manual segmentation and labeling, which is time-consuming and may also lead to inconsistent consequences. Automatic segmentation and labeling can be introduced to solve these problems. In this paper, we investigate a method to improve the performance of automatic segmentation and labeling system, where Spectral Variation Function(SVF), modification of silence model, and use of energy variations in postprocessing stage are considered. In this paper, SVF is applied in three ways: (1) addition to feature parameters, (2) postprocessing of phoneme boundaries, (3) restricting the Viterbi path so that the resulting phoneme boundaries may be located in frames around SVF peaks. In the postprocessing stage, positions with greatest energy variation during transitional period between silence and other phonemes were used to modify boundaries. In order to evaluate the performance of the system, we used 452 phonetically balanced word(PBW) database for training phoneme models and phonetically balanced sentence(PBS) database for testing. According to our experiments, 83.1% (6.2% improved) and 95.8% (0.9% improved) of phoneme boundaries were within 20ms and 40ms of the manually segmented boundaries, respectively.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

This study investigated the variation in the intonation of Seoul Korean interjection ani across different meanings ("no" and "really?") and speech levels (Intimate and Polite) using data from Korean Intonation Corpus (KICo). The investigation was conducted in two stages. First, IP-final tones in the dataset were categorized according to the K-ToBI convention (Jun, 2000). While significant relationships were observed between the meaning of ani and its IP-final tones, substantial overlap between groups was notable. Second, the F0 characteristics of the final syllable of ani were analyzed to elucidate the apparent many-to-many relationships between intonation and meaning/speech level. Results indicated that these seemingly overlapping relationships could be significantly distinguished. Overall, this study advocates for a deeper analysis of phonetic intonation beyond ToBI-based categorical labels. By examining the F0 characteristics of the IP-final syllable, previously unclear connections between meaning/speech level and intonation become more comprehensible. Although ToBI remains a valuable tool and framework for studying intonation, it is imperative to explore beyond these categories to grasp the "distinctiveness" of intonation, thereby enriching our understanding of prosody.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.144-175
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• 1992

This paper aims to discuss determining factors of Korean allophones and to formulate and classify Korean allophonic rules systematically. The relationship between allophones and coarticulation, the most. influential factor of allophonic variation, is thoroughly investigated. Other factors -- speech tempo and style, dialect, and social factors such as age, set, class etc. -- are also briefly discussed. Allophonic rules are classified into two groups -- 3) those relevant to coarticulation and 2) those irrelevant to coarticulation. Rules of the first group are further classified into four subgroups according to the directionality of the coarticulation. Each allophonic nile formulation is explained and discussed in detai1. The allophonic rules formulated and classified in this paper are 1) Devoicing of Voiced Consonants, 2) Devoicing of Vowels, 3) Nasal Approach and Lateral Approach, 4) Uvularization, 5) Palatalization, 6) Voicing of Voiceless Lax Consonants, 7) Frication, 8) Labialization, 9) Nasalization, 10) Release Withholding and Release Masking, 11) Glottalization, 12) Flap Rule, 13) Vowel Weakening, and 14) Allophones of /ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ/ (which are realized as diphthongs or as monophthongs depending on phonetic contexts).

• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence that (at least part of) phonetic phenomena are not simply automatic or arbitrary, but are explained by the functional guidelines, ease of articulation and maintenance of contrasts. The first study shows that languages with more high vowels (e.g., French) allow larger consonantal deviation from its target than languages with less high vowels (e.g., English). This is interpreted as achieving the economy of articulation to a certain extent in order to avoid otherwise extreme articulatory movement to be made in CV syllables due to strict demand on maintaining vocalic contrasts. The second study shows that Russian plain bilabial consonant allows less amount of undershoot due to the neighboring vowels than does English bilabial consonant. This is probably due to the stricter demand on maintaining the consonantal contrasts, plain vs. palatalized, existing only in Russian.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 5월 학술대회지
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• pp.43-47
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• 2003

This paper is phonetic study of $F_{0}$ range and boundary tone in Mandarin Chinese. The production data from 6 Chinese speakers show that there are declination, pitch resetting and tonal variation of boundary tone. In declarative sentence, $F_{0}$ declines gradually over the utterance but mid-sentence boundary prevents $F_{0}$ of following syllable from declining because of pitch resetting. $F_{0}$ range of syllable is expanded before the mid- and final sentence boundaries. In interrogative one, $F_{0}$ ascends gradually over the utterance and mid-sentence boundary makes $F_{0}$ of following syllable rise more. $F_{0}$ range of sentence final syllable is expanded and $F_{0}$ contour shows rising curve.

• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.153-200
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• 1997

In languages such as Japanese, it is very common to observe that short peripheral vowel are completely voiceless when surrounded by voiceless consonants. This phenomenon has been known as Montreal French, Shanghai Chinese, Greek, and Korean. Traditionally this phenomenon has been described as a phonological rule that either categorically deletes the vowel or changes the [+voice] feature of the vowel to [-voice]. This analysis was supported by Sawashima (1971) and Hirose (1971)'s observation that there are two distinct EMG patterns for voiced and devoiced vowel in Japanese. Close examination of the phonetic evidence based on acoustic data, however, shows that these phonological characterizations are not tenable (Jun & Beckman 1993, 1994). In this paper, we examined the vowel devoicing phenomenon in Korean using data from ENG fiberscopic and acoustic recorders of 100 sentences produced by one Korean speaker. The results show that there is variability in the 'degree of devoicing' in both acoustic and EMG signals, and in the patterns of glottal closing and opening across different devoiced tokens. There seems to be no categorical difference between devoiced and voiced tokens, for either EMG activity events or glottal patterns. All of these observations support the notion that vowel devoicing in Korean can not be described as the result of the application of a phonological rule. Rather, devoicing seems to be a highly variable 'phonetic' process, a more or less subtle variation in the specification of such phonetic metrics as degree and timing of glottal opening, or of associated subglottal pressure or intra-oral airflow associated with concurrent tone and stricture specifications. Some of token-pair comparisons are amenable to an explanation in terms of gestural overlap and undershoot. However, the effect of gestural timing on vocal fold state seems to be a highly nonlinear function of the interaction among specifications for the relative timing of glottal adduction and abduction gestures, of the amplitudes of the overlapped gestures, of aerodynamic conditions created by concurrent oral tonal gestures, and so on. In summary, to understand devoicing, it will be necessary to examine its effect on phonetic representation of events in many parts of the vocal tracts, and at many stages of the speech chain between the motor intent and the acoustic signal that reaches the hearer's ear.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

음성 인식이나 음성 합성시 필요한 발음열을 수작업으로 작성할 경우 작성자의 음운변화 현상에 대한 전문적 언어지식을 비롯하여 많은 시간과 노력이 요구되며 일관성을 유지하기도 쉽지 않다. 또한 한국어의 음운 변화 현상은 단일 형태소의 내부와 복합어에서 결합된 형태소의 경계점, 여러 형태소가 결합해서 한 어절을 이룰 경우 그 어절 내부의 형태소의 경계점, 여러 어절이 한 어절을 이룰 때 구성 어절의 경계점에서 서로 다른 적용 양상을 보인다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 형태음운론적 분석에 기반하여 문자열을 자동으로 발음열로 변환하는 발음 생성 시스템을 제안하였다. 이 시스템은 한국어에서 빈번하게 발생하는 음운변화 현상의 분석을 통해 정의된 음소 변동 규칙과 변이음 규칙을 다단계로 적용하여 가능한 모든 발음열을 생성한다. 각 음운변화 규칙을 포함하는 대표적인 언절 리스트를 이용하여 구성된 시스템의 안정성을 검증하였고, 발음사전 구성과 학습용 발음열의 유용성을 인식 실험을 통해 평가하였다. 그 결과 표제어 사이의 음운변화 현상을 반영한 발음사전의 경우 5-6％ 정도 나은 단어 인식률을 얻었으며, 생성된 발음열을 학습에 사용한 경우에서도 향상된 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.