• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.384-393
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• 2015

This paper proposes an insect behavior-inspired routing algorithm for large-scale wireless mesh networks. The proposed algorithm is adapted from the behavior of an insect called Bombyx mori, a male silkmoth. Its unique behavior is its flying technique to find the source of pheromones. The algorithm consists of two steps: the shortest-path algorithm and the zigzag-path algorithm. First, the shortest-path algorithm is employed to transmit data. After half of the total hops, the zigzag-path algorithm, which is based on the movement of the male B. mori, is applied. In order to adapt the biological behavior to large-scale wireless mesh networks, we use a mesh topology for implementing the algorithm. Simulation results show that the total energy used and the decision time for routing of the proposed algorithm are improved under certain conditions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 1993

Resistance evolution to organophosphate-based pesticides in apple and pear inhabiting arthropods of western North America extends to many classes of pest and some beneficial species. Resistance management programs to minimize resistance in pests while exploiting it in natural enemies have met with mixed success. Among beneficials, resistances have been exploited mostly among predators of pest mites. Evolution of resistant mites, leafminers, leafhopper, aphids, leafrollers and some internal fruit feeders have led to development of new monitoring methods and means to delay or avoid resistance. But it is resistance to azinphosmethyl in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) that is changing the pest control system and moving it from chemical to biologically-based means. Newly merging IPM system will depend more on use of biological, cultural, behavior and genetic controls. But more selective pesticides also will be needed to augment pheromones, resistant host plants and genetically altered organisms. These more biologically-based tactics will be prone to resistance evolution in pests as well, if used too unilaterally and/or too extensively.

• Advances in robotics research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

To monitor the environment and determine the source of a pollutant gradient using a multiple robot swarm, we propose a hybrid algorithm that combines two bio-inspired algorithms mimicking chemotaxis and pheromones of bacteria. The algorithm is implemented in virtual robot agents in a simulator to evaluate their feasibility and efficiency in gradient maps with different sizes. Simulation results show that the chemotaxis controller guided robot agents to the locations with higher pollutant concentrations, while the pheromone marked in a virtual field increased the efficiency of the search by reducing the visiting redundancy. The number of steps required to reach the target point did not increase proportionally as the map size increased, but were less than those in the linear whole-map search method. Furthermore, the robot agents could function with simple sensor composition, minimum information about the map, and low calculation capacity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.61-63
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• 1983

A new practical method is described for the synthesis of (Z)-7-eicosen-11-one (1) and (Z)-7-nonadecen-11-one (2), the active principles of the sex pheromone of the peach fruit moth. Lithium anion of 1-octyne (from acetylene and 1-bromohexane) was alkylated with 3-bromo-1-propanol tetrahydropyranyl ether and deprotected to afford 4-undecyn-1-ol, which was oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate to 4-undecyn-1-al. 4-Undecyn-1-al was treated with 1-nonylmagnesiumbromide or 1-octylmagnesiumbromide to yield 7-eicosyn-11-ol and 7-nonadecyn-11-ol. Jones oxidation, followed by Lindlar catalytic hydrogenation afforded the target compounds. Biological activity of the synthetic pheromones as attractants for males of the peach fruit moth was tested in the field using polyethylene capsules as containers. For each vial containing about 3.0 mg of the synthetic pheromone, the number of trapped moths were counted.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.85-90
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• 2023

The Ant Colony System (ACS) is a variant of Ant colony optimization algorithm which is well-known in Traveling Salesman Problem. This paper proposed a hybrid method based on genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony system (ACS), called GACS, to solve traffic routing problem. In the GACS, we use genetic algorithm to optimize the ACS parameters that aims to attain the shortest trips and time through new functions to help the ants to update global and local pheromones. Our experiments are performed by the GACS framework which is developed from VANETsim with the ability of real map loading from open street map project, and updating traffic light in real-time. The obtained results show that our framework acquired higher performance than A-Star and classical ACS algorithms in terms of length of the best global tour and the time for trip.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.192-204
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• 2024

Generally, odorant molecules are detected by olfactory receptors, which are specialized chemoreceptors expressed in olfactory neurons. Besides odorant molecules, certain volatile molecules can be inhaled through the respiratory tract, often leading to pathophysiological changes in the body. These inhaled molecules mediate cellular signaling through the activation of the Ca²⁺-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in peripheral tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TRP channels that are involved in the detection and response to volatile molecules, including hazardous substances, anesthetics, plant-derived compounds, and pheromones. The review aims to shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying the sensing of inhaled volatile molecules. Therefore, this review will contribute to a better understanding of the roles of TRP channels in the response to inhaled molecules, providing insights into their implications for human health and disease.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.131-134
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• 2024

A simple strategy for the formal synthesis of the sex pheromone of gypsy moth (+)-disparlure from L-(+)-tartaric acid is described herein. The key steps include the mono-esterification and regioselective ring-opening of an epoxide using a Grignard reagent. The strategy of conferring asymmetry using 2-butanone enables mono-esterification in high yield and reduces the number of steps. Subsequently, (+)-disparlure is synthesized via the regioselective ring opening of the epoxide.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2006

Rodents and many other mammals have two chemosensory systems that mediate responses to pheromones, the main and accessory olfactory system, MOS and AOS, respectively. The chemosensory neurons associated with the MOS are located in the main olfactory epithelium, while those associated with the AOS are located in the vomeronasal organ(VNO). Pheromonal odorants access the lumen of the VNO via canals in the roof of the mouth, and are largely thought to be nonvolatile. The main pheromone receptor proteins consist of two superfamilies, V1Rs and V2Rs, that are structurally distinct and unrelated to the olfactory receptors expressed in the main olfactory epithelium. These two type of receptors are seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled proteins(V1R with $G_{{\alpha}i2}$, V2R with $G_{0\;{\alpha}}$). V2Rs are co-expressed with nonclassical MHC Ib genes(M10 and other 8 M1 family proteins). Other important molecular component of VNO neuron is a TrpC2, a cation channel protein of transient receptor potential(TRP) family and thought to have a crucial role in signal transduction. There are four types of pheromones in mammalian chemical communication - primers, signalers, modulators and releasers. Responses to these chemosignals can vary substantially within and between individuals. This variability can stem from the modulating effects of steroid hormones and/or non-steroid factors such as neurotransmitters on olfactory processing. Such modulation frequently augments or facilitates the effects that prevailing social and environmental conditions have on the reproductive axis. The best example is the pregnancy block effect(Bruce effect), caused by testosterone-dependent major urinary proteins(MUPs) in male mouse urine. Intriguingly, mouse GnRH neurons receive pheromone signals from both odor and pheromone relays in the brain and may also receive common odor signals. Though it is quite controversial, recent studies reveal a complex interplay between reproduction and other functions in which GnRH neurons appear to integrate information from multiple sources and modulate a variety of brain functions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.697-700
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• 2001

A prolonged farrowing interval is common on small farms in Nepal and may be attributable to the absence of boar contact at the time of weaning. To examine whether synthetic boar pheromone spray might be of value to aid the stimulation and detection of estrus, 30 village farms, each with a single sow, were recruited into a field study. All sows entered the study on final weaning from their first lactation at 56 days post partum. For 13 treatment sows, a boar pheromone spray (SOA, Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands) was applied each day after weaning whilst 17 other sows did not receive any stimulus (negative control). When estrous was detected by the farmer, sows were taken to the nearest boar for service. There was a significantly shorter weaning to re-mating interval for treatment sows (42.9 V 82.2 day, p<0.05), with a significantly higher proportion of treatment sows rebred by day 60 after weaning (p=0.024, Fishers Test). It is concluded that use of boar pheromones can improve reproductive efficiency of sows kept under Nepalese village conditions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2020

Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium is an orchid species solely pollinated by the male bee Megachile yasumatsui. Although C. scolopendrifolium is an endangered species in Korea, little is known about its pollination mechanisms or the profiles of its chemical attractants. This study provides evidence that the Cleisostoma orchid attracts male bees as pollinators by mimicking female mating signals. We found 13 hydrocarbons in the Cleisostoma orchid flower presumed to be involved in sex pheromone mimicry: five alkanes (tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, and hentriacontane), compounds of cuticular hydrocarbons which function as chemical cues for the recognition of mates and species in social insects; and eight alkenes ((z)-9-tricosene, (z)-9-pentacosene, (z)-11-pentacosene, (z)-9-heptacosene, (z)-11-heptacosene, (z)-9-nonacosene, (z)-11-nonacosene, and (z)-11-hentriacontene) which serve as sex pheromones in several insects. We suggest that these hydrocarbons play a key role in the pollination mechanism between Cleisostoma orchids and Megachile bees.