• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2001

Antimicrobial activities of volatile flavor, water and methanol extracts from Agastache rugosa were investigated. The volatile flavor extract was obtained from A. rugosa by simulataneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by disc diffusion method against several microorganisms, four species of Gram positive, three species of Gram negative and tow species of yeast. The volatile flavor extracts had strong antimicrobial activity againstc. utilisand S. cerevisiae. During the growth period, a difference in antimicrobial activity among volatile flavor extracts from A. rugosa was not shown. The water extract of above 10 mg/disc showed antimicrobial activity. Methanol extracts from A. rugosa harvested in June showed antimicrobial activity against tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, showed weak antimicrobial activity against the bacteria from those harvested in July and August. In particular, antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus was stronger than that against other bacteria. Water and methanol extracts did not inhibit yeast. C. utilis and S. cerevisiae. To further elucidate the effective components, volatile flavor extracts was analyzed by GC/MS. harvested in June, the components included 8 phenols (93.031%), 18 terpenes (5.230%), 12 alcohols (1.300%) 8 alkanes (0.181%), 1 ester (0.056%), 2 ketones (0.033%), 2 aldehydes (0.011%) and 1 pyrrole (0.007%). In July, the components included 6 phenols (94.366%), 19 terpenes (3.394%), 11 alcohols (2.045%), 1 ester (0.039%), 2 ketones (0.028%), 1 furan (0.005%) and 1 aldehyde (0.005%). And in August, the components included 7 phenols (95.270%), 19 terpenes (2.951%), 13 alcohols (1.399%), 1 ester (0.063%), 2 aldehydes (0.016%), 2 ketones (0.011%), 1 alkane (0.006%), 1 acid (0.005%) and 1 pyrrole (0.005%). The major component of volatile flavors was estragole, a phenolic compound.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.382-386
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• 1997

In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of steeping treatment on browning of onion hydrolysate. After steeping treatment with solvents, phenols content of methanol and ethanol were showed 25.1mg/ml and 24.9mg/ml. And absorbance of methanol and ethanol was showed 0.26 and 0.22. L and b value of treatment with methanol and ethanol were lower than other solvents. Browning reaction of onion hydrolysate was decreased with increasing concentration of ethanol. Treatment of above 80% ethanol was effective to remove phenols and was showed a low color intensity. Treatment with 80% ethanol was more effective than addition of cystein to remove phenols and to decrease browing degree.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1996

For the purpose of development of bioremediation technology for soil contaminated by chlorinated phenols, this study was focused on the isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of degrading chlorinated phenols, the establishment of analytical methods for chlorinated phenols, and the investigation of the contaminated sites. One site near the Incheon Industrial Complex was identified as a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated spot. The soil brought from the PCP-contaminated site contained 10-100$mu\textrm{g}$/g wet soil of PCP. Many bacterial strains capable of growing on a minimal medium containing PCP were isolated from 15 soil samples collected throughout the land, and among them, 10 active isolates were finally selected for the further studies on the biodegradability and for the use in in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil. These isolates showed species-specific pattern in PCP-decrease and cell growth in a minimal medium containing 500-1,000mg/ιPCP. Strain Bul degraded 90% of PCP at 216 hrs after incubation. Expecially, strain Bu34 was capable of degrading 4,000mg/ι PCP and was identified as Pseudomonas putida Bu34. It is seemed that the isolated active bacteria could be effectively used for the bioremediation of PCP-contaminated sites.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2003

Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) are known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with estrogenic activity in fish. This study compared the effects of BPA, NP and OP on in vitro vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes of the Chinese minnow Phoxinus oxycephalus. The VTG secreted into the culture medium was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which we developed in this study using an antibody prepared from homogenates of Chinese minnow egg. VTG synthesis was induced by estradiol-17$\beta$ ($E_2$) and phenols (BPA, NP and OP) treatment. $E_2$ at concentrations of 10$^{-6}$ M or higher increased VTG levels significantly (P < 0.05). Exposure to 10^5\;M\;BPA\;or\;10^-4$M NP and OPinduced in vitro VTG synthesis (P < 0.01). However, $10^-3$ M BPA, NP or OP did not induce VTG synthesis. These results suggest that SPA has the highest estrogenic potential in Chinese minnow hepatocytes. Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen, drastically blocked the production of VTG by phenols (BPA, NP and OP) suggesting that phenols (BPA, NP and OP) may act via binding to estrogen receptor (ER) in Chinese minnow hepatocytes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2007

Monitoring for the quality of coastal water is necessary to improve its biological resources and to maintain healthy environments. We measured the concentrations of phenols, nine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), tributyltin (TBT) in surface water at 5 stations and the concentrations of mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr (VI)), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) in surface water of 10 stations in Tongyeong marine ranching ground of Korea in August, 2003. The concentrations of analytes were determined as follows: phenols: 1.6$\sim$2.8 ppb, PCBs: not detected (ND), Hg: <0.1 ppb, Cr (VI): 0.01$\sim$5.32 ppb, Cd: ND$\sim$0.41 ppb and Pb: 0.43$\sim$2.60 ppb. These concentrations satisfied the standards of human health protection in coastal water by Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea as follows: phenols; 5 ppb, PCBs: 0.5 ppb, Hg: 0.5 ppb, Cr (VI): 50 ppb, Cd: 10 ppb and Pb: 50 ppb. TBT was not listed in the standards. The concentrations of Sn in TBT analyzed in sea water of Tongyeong marine ranching ground were in the range of ND$\sim$0.0273 ppb which are similar with the values of 8$\sim$35 ng Sn $L^{-1}$ (0.008$\sim$0.035 ppb) in Chinhae Bay studied by Shim et al.. Therefore, the quality of sea water in Tongyeong marine ranching ground was safe enough to protect human health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.511-521
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• 2006

Homologue and isomer patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs) congeners formed from phenols in the gas-phase at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ and via particle-mediated reactions at $400^{\circ}C$ were studied in an isothermal flow reactor. A mixture of 20 phenols in relative concentrations found in a municipal waste incinerator(MWI) stack gas was used for this study. PCDDs and PCDFs homologue and isomer patterns obtained from the phenol. From the phenol experiments, gas-phase formation at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ favors PCDFs formation whereas particle-mediated formation at $400^{\circ}C$ favors PCDDs formation. DD and DF were most abundant homologue groups, PCDDs and PCDFs homologue fraction decreased with increasing number of chlorine substituents. PCDDs and PCDFs homologue and isomer fractions were almost constant from gas-phase formation and particle-mediated formation. Unsubstituted phenol, which was present in high concentration, played a significant role in the formation of PCDD/Fs congeners under both sets of experimental conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2000

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1056-1058
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.237-240
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.150.2-151
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• 2004