• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1983

Since the national health insurance was introduced in 1978, the increased utilization of hospitals and the growing importance of pharmaceutical services to hospital patients have made the administration of these services a very complex and specialized responsibility. The pharmaceutical services has always been an essential component of comtemporary hospital care. In the hospital, the pharmaceutical services is the professional department which concerns itself with the evaluation, selection, control and utilization of drugs. The director of this service must be a versatile professional person who can work effectively in a heterogenous society of educated persons. However, graduate education in hospital pharmacy has not been introduced yet in Korea. The necessity of graduate education hospital pharmacy has been discussed in this research. Graduate education in hospital pharmacy emphasizes preparation for assumption of responsibility as the senior hospital pharmacist or the director of pharmaceutical services. Graduates should also be prepared as administrators of a department that must operate with great efficiency. They should be prepared serve as a consultant on drugs for the medical and allied health professional staff, organizing and disseminating a large and dynamic body of information in their interest and to establish professional roles that emphasize procurement, storage, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, control and evaluation of drugs. Senior hospital pharmacist is a teacher charged with responsibility fer formal and informal instruction of other hospital personnel in pharmaceutical sciences. In addition, the graduates have the opportunity to be a researcher dealing with aspect of hospital care and are intensively educated in the professional aspects of hospital pharmacy practices. The curriculum of graduate education in hospital pharmacy should be established detailly and carefully to fit the educational objective.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2003

This paper presents the content regarding electronic medical examination chart and data treatment for efficient medical examination and prompt treatment by realizing mutual conversation type remote medical examination system among 3 parties(patient, doctor, pharmacist) on internet base. This is an intelligence type remote medical examination system for both on-line and off-line mode to transcend time and space on the web being participated by anybody, which is cheap type to solve problems in existing remote medical examination system such as high price based on hardware, incompatibility, and so on. By interconnecting ASP and SQL on IIS 4.0 web server, database enables system integration for efficient data processing, on-line consultation between patient and doctor, medical examination on off-line, transmission of medical prescription to pharmacist designated by patient and preparation of medicine, semi-eternal storage of medical examination data owing to storage and search of medical examination data, exact medical examination and prescription using this medical examination data by patient and doctor, and so on.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 2015

Objective: It is to evaluate the drug interaction monitoring program as a pilot project to develop a pharmaceutical care model in a medical intensive care unit and to analyze the influencing factors of drug interactions. Method: Electronic medical records were retrospectively investigated for 116 patients who had been hospitalized in a medical intensive care unit from October to December in 2014. The prevalence of adverse reaction with risk rating higher than 'D' was investigated by Lexi-$Comp^{(R)}$ Online database. The factors related with potential drug interaction and with treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The number of patients with a potential interaction of drug combination was 92 (79.3%). Average ages, the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the numbers of prescription drugs showed significant differences between drug interaction group and non-drug interaction group. Opioids (14.4%), antibiotics (7.2%), and diuretics (7.2%) were most responsible drug classes for drug interactions and the individual medications included furosemide (6.4%), tramadol (4.9%), and remifentanil (4.5%). There were 950 cases with a risk rating of 'C' (84.6%), 142 cases with a risk rating of 'D' (12.6%), and 31 cases with a risk rating of 'X' (avoid combination) (2.8%). The factors affecting drug interactions were the number of drugs prescribed (p < 0.0001) and the length of stay at intensive care unit (p < 0.01). The patients in intensive care unit showed a high incidence of adverse reactions related to potential drug interaction. Therefore, drug interaction monitoring program as a one of pharmaceutical care services was successfully piloted and it showed to prevent adverse reaction and to improve therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion: Active participation of a pharmacist in the drug management at the intensive care unit should be considered.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2002

It has been 2 years since the implementation of the separation of prescription and drug dispensing policy. This study analyzes the effects of the policy on the job contents and personnel structure of hospital pharmacy. The main purposes of the analysis are to determine if the policy has causes the increase of professional activities of pharmacists in hospital and to investigate whether the hospital pharmacy is equipped with enough manpower to provide high quality pharmaceutical service as intended by the policy. The level of professionality of pharmacists' activities is measured by the number of activities of direct involvement in inpatient care such as participation in patient rounding, medication consultation, the number of hospital committee the pharmacists involved and the number of continuous education pharmacists took. The adequacy of personnel structure to provide high quality pharmaceutical care is measured by the level of compliance to the governmental standard of hospital pharmacy personnel. In order to collect the data, surveys were performed for two periods: year 1999 (before the implementation of the policy) and year 2001 (after the implementation of the policy). The results show that the pharmacists' participation in inpatient rounding decreased and that the inpatient medication history management activities, operation of ward pharmacy, participation in hospital committee increased. In personnel structure, the average number of pharmacist per hospital decreased and the number of prescription processing per pharmacist increased. Based on the results this study concludes that the professional activities of hospital pharmacists has increased a little and there were structural changes in hospital pharmacy service activities to increase the professionalism in providing care. However, the pharmacy departments were understaffed hampering the strive to increase the provision of professional pharmaceutical service in hospitals.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.507-521
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• 2010

Training for asthma patients by professionals has been highly emphasized for patients' self-management. In the present study, three standardized training sessions targeting hospital pharmacists were performed. On the basis of the number of training sessions taken, a non-educated group (CG), an once-educated group (NG), and a twice more-educated group (IG) were allocated. The most frequent errors of using an inhalant were shaking before the use in MDI while taking breathe out before inhaling in the case of DPI, and the total average number of errors were the biggest for CG and the smallest in IG. On comparison in the number of the four symptoms of asthma according to the level of seriousness, it was revealed that the total average number was the biggest in CG and the smallest in IG. In the level of awareness regarding the contents of training for patients, patients over 50 tended to answer that they were aware of education contents, and particularly in mouth rinsing and the use before/after a meal, significant similarity was examined. Regular asthma patient training performed by hospital pharmacists appeared to reduce errors in the inhaler usage, increase the quality of life of an patient, and help a patient remember the contents of the training. Especially among patients over 50, it was found to be more effective and retraining of more than two sessions was requisite.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 2009

Jecheon is a place of Korean Medicine with many historical characters, medical tales and cultures. One of the most renowned characters is Lee Gong Gi(李公沂), a 扈聖功臣 (title given to the 86 people that escorted king Seonjo during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592) at the level of Huh Jun(許浚) and famous royal physician of Joseon who served King Seonjo and reached the highest position of chief physician. He was recognized for his talent as a royal physician and was conferred with the title of 扈聖功臣 Rank 3 after attending on King Seonjo during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Despite the fact that he was a renowned man of medicine, he didn't get as much attention as 許浚 or Yang Ye Soo(楊禮壽) because documents on his work had not been studied. In this study, the author was able to study Lee Gong Gi(李公沂) based on documents such as "朝鮮王朝實錄(True Record of the Joseon Dynasty)", "內醫院先生案(Naeeuiwonseonsengan)", "醫科先生案(Euigwaseonsengan)" and on "避難行錄(Pinanhengrok)" by Yakpo Jeongtak (1526~1605) who was a govemmental pharmacist at the time of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. According to "內醫院先生案" and "醫科先生案", Lee Gong Gi's son Lee Young Nam followed his father's footsteps and became the chief royal pharmacist and 崇政大夫(one of the governmental titles of Joseon Dynasty). As for Jecheon's Korean medical traditions, many forms of medical tales and cultures are preserved such as the tales of Neokgogae, Mountain Ami's medical water cave, Otmaru and Seonsimgol. These tales are divided into various types of great doctors, medical herbs and devoted sons and have been passed down With the origin of traditional medicine still intact. Moreover, ancient documents and artifacts on Traditional Korean Medicine that reflect the area's medical culture have been discovered. Not only is Jecheon a place of medical culture but along with Jecheon Drug Market it also carries on the tradition of medical herbs production and possesses the largest new medical herbs market in Korea. In conclusion, Jecheon is a traditional place of Korean Medicine with many medical cultures and characters from a unique history.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2015

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to find a solution for modernized classification of herbal medicinal preparations in dual medical systems. Through this study, we expect to provide a reasonable foundation of herbal medicine for public health. Methods: We studied legal or technical terms of herbal medicinal preparations from the past regulations, and through this procedure, we could suggest clear definitions of terms for herbal medicinal preparations. We also investigated documents for approval of herbal medicinal preparation from US, EU(European union), The People's Republic of China, Japan, so that we can refer to them to revise regulation for appropriate use of herbal preparations. Results: In Korea pharmaceutical affairs act, any basis of 'Crude drugs' does not exist. But in some subordinary notifications, the way that they use the 'Natural product medicine' is used as a means of limiting basic rights of doctor or pharmacist of Korean medicine compared to doctor or pharmacist. At the same time, in subordinary notifications, provisions are vague and not enough for scientific evidence of Korean medicine. Thus, we re-categorized herbal medicinal preparations into new drugs, drugs made from herbal medicinal preparations and suggested requirements for drug approval. Conclusions: Instead of using the term 'Crude drug preparations', and we should use term 'Herbal medicinal preparations' in related act and notification. And also we suggest to amend subordinary regulations and documents for approval of herbal medicinal preparations. Through this, we can make herbal medicinal preparations be more industrialized.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.469-475
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to find problems and possible improvement for current continuing education (CE) of pharmacists by assessing present status and performing survey data analysis. Present CE for pharmacists is administered by Korean Pharmaceutical Association and it has three separate modules for pharmacists depending on their specialty. The modules for community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy are mainly focused on patient care while the module for industrial pharmacists is on manufacturing and distribution of drugs. Survey data analysis revealed that more than half of the responders feel that present CE is inappropriate in terms of length and contents of the CE. Furthermore, about 40% of all responders answered it does not help them update professional knowledge. With regard to possible improvement of CE, 86% of the responders felt an accreditation council of CE needs to be established, and 64% answered that present three separate modules should be unified. More than three quarter (79%) of the responders wanted to have some part of CE administered by correspondence instead of on-site CE. Based on the findings from this study, present CE for pharmacists appears to need improvement to ensure appropriate drug use and to meet expectations of pharmacists who see problems on the present CE.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

All pharmacists must provide the drug consultation whenever dispense drugs to patients by the Korean Pharmacy Law. Drug consultation is very important procedure for increasing pharmacotherapy. Because it maximizes the therapeutic effects or/and minimizes adverse drug reaction during the drug therapy. However, it is not easy to do because of the dynamic and hectic pharmacy environment. Especially, if someone has a disabling body function, they required more time and efforts to perform consultation by pharmacist. Currently several auxiliary labels for helping drug consultation are using in pharmacy practice but not for disabling patients. Therefore we developed the total 53 auxiliary labels with size of 0.7 cm (width) and 1 cm (length) by Braillewriter letters for blind patients. This research has been performed for total 12 months (Mar. 15ts, 2007$\sim$Feb. 25th, 2008) and the developing methods are consisted of 4 steps: 1) selection of essential informations, 2) simplification of information, 3) changing for Braillewriter letters, 4) application and revising by blindness patients. Also the labels are consisted of 12 for adverse reactions and precautions, 8 for directions, 2 for storages, 9 for duration, 9 for dosage forms, and 12 for common names. After developed those labels, we revised those labels by discussion with 2 blind people. In conclusion, the new auxiliary labels for blind patients can increase therapeutic effects and decrease risks from pharmacotherapy besides decreasing of pharmacist's work load in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2018

Objective: This study was to investigate and develop a training program that integrated and strengthened clinical competence and capacity of hospital pharmacists which would be implemented at the pharmacy department of Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. Methods: We assessed the training programs of hospital pharmacists in the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan and compared those of major hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces in Korea. The survey assessed the satisfaction on the current educational programs for pharmacists at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital and a newly designed education program was suggested. Results: The major differences of the programs among the Korean hospitals and Mokdong Hospital were the training period and contents of the entry-level pharmacist education program. The overall satisfaction of the training program was >3 points on 5-Likert scale in the survey. There was no significant difference of the satisfaction level based on the employment period of pharmacists. The pharmacists were in more than 7 training programs of clinical support work. We proposed the clinical support training for the new pharmacists to be separated from orientation and concentrated on actual work duty. In order to improve the competency, it was encouraged to participate the in-house seminar or certify the related fields provided by Korean Society of Health-system Pharmacists. Conclusion: The education program was assessed among different countries and hospitals of Korea. We suggested to update education program in the hospital to enhance pharmacists' competency.