• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2011

Most antineoplastic agents are nonselective in their mechanism of action, affecting noncancerous as well as cancerous cells, and resulting in acute effects such as irritation of mucous membranes and chronic effects such as genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Healthcare workers occupationally exposed to antineoplastic agents are at risk. The present study aimed to develop and apply methods to monitor occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents, using cyclophosphamide (CP) as the model compound. To monitor environmental and biological exposure, potentially contaminated surfaces were wiped and 24 hour urine samples were collected from workers. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry was performed, with a limit of detection of 0.05 ng/ml. Measurable amounts of CP were detected on 92% of the sampled surfaces, with a geometric mean of 175.22 $ng/m^2$. Despite the environmental contamination of the model compound, CP was below the detection limit in all urine samples. If workplace contamination cannot be completely avoided, it is importance to reduce exposure to the lowest possible levels. To this aim, efforts to minimize occupational exposure along with biological and environmental monitoring are required. The standardized sampling techniques, and specific and sensitive analytical methods reported in this study may be helpful in assessing occupational exposure and devising strategies to reduce exposure.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to investigate pharmaceutical care for critically ill neonates and suggest targeted strategies compatible with the Korean health-system pharmacy. Methods: Articles that reported pharmacy practices for critically ill neonates were reviewed. Pharmaceutical care practices and roles of neonatal pharmacists were identified, and criteria were developed for neonates in need of specialized care by clinical pharmacists. Results: Neonatal pharmacists play many roles in the overall medication management pathway. For clinical decision support, multidisciplinary ward rounds, clinical pharmacokinetic services, and consultation for pharmacotherapy and nutrition support were conducted. Prevention and resolution of drug-related problems through review of medication charts contributed to medication safety. Pharmaceutical optimization of intravenous medication played an important role in safe and effective therapy. Information on the use of off-label medicine, recommended dosage and dosing schedules, and stability of intravenous medicine was provided to other health professionals. Most clinical practices for neonates in Korea included therapeutic drug monitoring and nutrition support services. Reduction in medication errors and adverse drug reactions, shortening the duration of weaning medicines, decreasing the use and cost of antimicrobials, and improvement in nutrition status were reported as the outcomes of pharmacist-led interventions. The essential criteria of pharmaceutical care, including for patients with potential high-risk factors for drug-related problems, was developed. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care for critically ill neonates varies widely. Development and provision of standardized pharmaceutical care for Korean neonates and a stepwise strategy for the expansion of clinical pharmacy services are required.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2015

Background: In order to achieve the goals of community pharmacy practice, its legal, labour-related, and economic barriers need to be identified. This study examined pharmacists' perceptions of constraints on providing optimal pharmacy services in order to identify underlying factors and analyse the associations between barriers and pharmaceutical services in community pharmacies. Methods: A survey targeting pharmacy owners was conducted from May to June 2012 using a structured questionnaire including nine pharmaceutical service items. According to the service provision level, we classified pharmacists as inactive (fewer than 5 items among the listed 9 service items) and active providers (5 or more items). Principal component analysis was used to group significant factors for barriers into four thematic components. Associations between the participants' demographics and pharmacy characteristics and the services provided were explored by logistic regression analyses. Results: Participants were 402 pharmacists. Over 60% provided disease management services for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Variables that affected pharmaceutical services included the lack of separate areas for patient counselling (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.18-3.80), and clinical knowledge and information-related barriers (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36-0.97). Conclusion: Strategies for improving clinical knowledge and providing expeditious information are necessary in order to improve community pharmacy services.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1983

Since the national health insurance was introduced in 1978, the increased utilization of hospitals and the growing importance of pharmaceutical services to hospital patients have made the administration of these services a very complex and specialized responsibility. The pharmaceutical services has always been an essential component of comtemporary hospital care. In the hospital, the pharmaceutical services is the professional department which concerns itself with the evaluation, selection, control and utilization of drugs. The director of this service must be a versatile professional person who can work effectively in a heterogenous society of educated persons. However, graduate education in hospital pharmacy has not been introduced yet in Korea. The necessity of graduate education hospital pharmacy has been discussed in this research. Graduate education in hospital pharmacy emphasizes preparation for assumption of responsibility as the senior hospital pharmacist or the director of pharmaceutical services. Graduates should also be prepared as administrators of a department that must operate with great efficiency. They should be prepared serve as a consultant on drugs for the medical and allied health professional staff, organizing and disseminating a large and dynamic body of information in their interest and to establish professional roles that emphasize procurement, storage, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, control and evaluation of drugs. Senior hospital pharmacist is a teacher charged with responsibility fer formal and informal instruction of other hospital personnel in pharmaceutical sciences. In addition, the graduates have the opportunity to be a researcher dealing with aspect of hospital care and are intensively educated in the professional aspects of hospital pharmacy practices. The curriculum of graduate education in hospital pharmacy should be established detailly and carefully to fit the educational objective.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1998

The stability of cytarabine (manufactured by two pharmaceutical companies) in intravenous admixture and in plastic syringe was investigated. The admixures containing cytarabine 0.35, 8.6, and 17.1 mg/ml in $0.9\%\;NaCl\;or\;5\%$ D5W were placed in PVC bags or glass bottles, and the reconstituted cytarabine (50 mg/ml) was placed in plastic syringe. One ml aliquots were withdrawn immediately after each preparation and stored at $4^{\circ}C\;or\;24^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 days unprotected from light. Each sample was tested for pH and visually inspected for precipitation and change in color. Cytarabine concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Neither precipitation nor change in color was noted, and there were no change in pH during 14 days of testing. The changes in cytarabine concentrations were less than $10\%$. In conclusion, cytarabine in IV admixture or plastic syringe was stable for at least 14 days at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;24^{\circ}C.$(Kor. J. Clin. Pharm. 1998; 8(1): 59-67)

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2015

Background: The recent change in pharmaceutical education system following the paradigm shift to patient-oriented pharmacy service requires an in-depth discussion to reorganize a future direction and establish a basis for maximizing social values of community pharmacy service. Objective: This study was conducted to review the current status of community pharmacy service provision in Korea based on published literatures. Methods: The electronic databases of National Digital Science Library and Electronic National Assembly Library were used to search the journal articles and dissertation papers. A search term "community pharmacy" was used and the published period was limited to papers published after year 2001, when the legal separation of prescribing and dispensing was implemented. Relevant study reports were also searched manually. Information about pharmacy service provision and study outcomes were retrieved from the selected papers, and classified by predefined individual service scope. Results: A total 33 papers reporting services provided by community pharmacies were selected (journal article 11, dissertation paper 17, and study report 5). Pharmacy services identified in these papers could be classified into prescription dispensing service, pharmaceutical care service, self medication service, other products service, and health promotion service. Twenty papers reported prescription dispensing services, three papers reported pharmaceutical care service, and only two papers reported health promotion service. Current community pharmacy services are highly dependent on prescription drugs while expanded services such as pharmaceutical care and health promotion are peripheral. Most prevalent research topic was medication counseling service (18 papers), reflecting that community pharmacists generally consider it to be the most important and fundamental service. Overall, current pharmacy services are very limited and focus on prescription dispensing service. Conclusion: At this point of time requiring expansion and quality improvement of community pharmacy services, we suggest further lively discussion to strengthen pharmacist's functional identity and set conditions for providing socially expected services.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1992

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2021

The World Anti-Doping Agency has made efforts to promote the safe use of medications and prevent doping in sports globally. International standards have been established and experts have advocate anti-doping education to athletes and healthcare professionals. Pharmacists are expected to participate in the pharmaceutical care activity of sports medicine in protecting the athletes while providing the spirits of clean sports. In this review, we described the pharmacists' roles and functions in six areas of sports pharmaceutical care: awareness, treatment, prevention, optimization, abuse, and monitoring. Sports pharmacists should be able to prevent inappropriate drug use and manage athletes' illness and injury using pharmacotherapy. Further pharmacists should actively involve to educate and counsel athletes, trainers, and healthcare teams. In conclusion, pharmacists are expected to play important roles in sports pharmacy, which is the emerging area of specialized pharmaceutical care services.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.27-36
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• 2021

Purpose: This study empirically investigates the effect of collaborative communication and information sharing on the supply chain performance of South Korean pharmaceutical companies. Specifically, it understands the importance collaborative communication and suggests a method for investigating communication in academic research on the pharmaceutical industry. Investigating this sector is crucial because the importance of the pharmaceutical industry is increasing globally against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic. Research design, data, and methodology: A questionnaire was administered to employees of South Korean pharmaceutical companies and 244 valid responses were used for the statistical analysis. Additionally, structural equation modeling was used to measure the relationships between the observed and latent variables. Results: Collaborative communication has a positive effect on information sharing. However, information sharing, unlike collaborative communication, does not exhibit a significant positive relationship with supply chain performance. These results indicate that it is important to communicate effectively in the supply chain rather than strive for the right type of information sharing. Conclusions: Consumers and retailers within the supply chain should continue to strive for candid communication. This study is meaningful, as it empirically tests the relationships between collaborative communication, information sharing, and supply chain performance in the South Korean pharmaceutical industry.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.320.1-320.1
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• 2001