• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

This study was carried out to assess adoptability and environment impacts of ultra low volume (ULV) pesticide spray solutions aerially sprayed by manned-helicopter. Uniformity of the deposited amount in paddy fields was uneven, showing $3.1{\sim}4.7$ times differences among surveyed sites. Drifting distance of aerially sprayed droplets from the target area was within 30 m in the wind direction and 20 m in the opposite direction. Most of the aerially sprayed pesticides were deposited in/on rice plants, while those in submerged paddy water and soil were relatively small. The degradation rate of the deposited pesticides was in the decreasing order of rice plants, paddy water and soil. Soil residues of pesticides in the aerially sprayed rice paddy fields after harvest ranged from non-detected to 0.201 mg/kg. However, no pesticides were detected in brown rice and rice straw. No phytotoxic symtoms were observed in rice plants and nearby non-target crops by the sprayed pesticides.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2019

The biological half-life of pesticides applied on crops is the key indicator for ensuring the safety of agricultural products. The biological half-life is affected by the several factors like growing conditions of the crop, climate, application method, and physicochemical properties of pesticides. In this study, the biological half-life was calculated and the degradation rates of six triazole fungicides sprayed on perilla leaves were evaluated. Moreover, the statistical analysis confirmed the correlation between the biological half-life and physicochemical properties of six triazole pesticides. The recoveries of the six pesticides were between 84.8-104.9%, which satisfied the residual pesticide analysis criteria. The biological half-life of six pesticides sprayed on perilla leaves, calculated using the first-order kinetics model, ranged between 6.4-15.1 days. When the biological half-life and the physicochemical properties were correlated using the principal component analysis: pKa and Log P, the biological half-life was found to be affected by PC1. The correlation coefficient between biological half-life and physicochemical properties (pKa), calculated by Spearman rank-order correlation, was R² = -0.928 (p <0.01). Biological half-life has been shown to correlate with pKa. In conclusion, it can be used as a database for the relationship between biological half-life and physicochemical properties and will contribute to ensure safe supply of agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

In order to know residual pattern of pesticides and to predict degradation period until below MRL, we experimented with procymidone and bifenthrin for perilla leaf which were the most detected pesticides by NAQS (National Agriculture-product Quality management Service) survey. In this experiment, we sprayed those pesticides 10 days before harvest and analyzed 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 day samples to establish logical equation and to calculate $DT_{50}$. Also degradation patterns of those samples were compared during storage at 4t and 20t. During cultivating period, procymidone residue amount was changed from 79.52 mg/kg (0 day) to 4.2 mg/kg, $DT_{50}$ was 2.65 days by logical-equation, and bifenthrin residue amount was changed from 5.03 mg/kg (0 day) to 0.17 mg/kg, $DT_{50}$ was 2.24 days. During storage period, $DT_{50}$ of procymidone and bifenthrin at $4^{\circ}C$ was 12.23 days and 10.57 days, and at $20^{\circ}C$ was 6.32 days and 8.2 days, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2020

As pesticide safety was extended to agricultural environments and Positive List System was carried out, Pesticide safety management in soils has become even more important. To improve pesticide safety in soils needs the degradation technology of the residues in soils and reduce plant uptake of pesticides. In this study, biochars and quicklime as the degradation methods of pesticides (azoxystrboin, procymidone and tricyclazole) were used to identify the reduction effects. The experimental methods were putting biochars and quicklimes (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% per 15 cm soil weight) in soils and analyzing the pesticide residues at 0, 10, 20, 35, 50 day. To identify the reduction effects of uptake from soil to korean cabbages (roots, leave, stems) by biochar treatment, the residues in samples were analyzed. As a results, azoxystrobin (36-96%), procymidone (40-117%) and tricyclazole (26-83%) were reduced in soils when treated with 2.0% quicklime (p<0.05). There were no reduction effect in soils when treated with 1.0% or less biochar. However, the amounts of residues translocated to roots (0.11-1.62 mg/kg), leave (0.05-0.29 mg/kg), stems (0.06-0.1 mg/kg) were reduced treated with 2.0% biochar treatments. The biochar and quicklime can be applicable to agricultural field to improve pesticide safety in soils.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2000

To enlarge application field of electrolyzed acid-water(EAW) on food industry, the changes of EAW properties by storage conditions and heating were investigatet. It was showed that storing EAW in closed container is mon effective to keep up the oxidation-reduction potentials(ORP), hyperchloride content and pH than stored in opened ones. ORP of EAW stored in closed container could be kept mon than 1 month as 1,150 mV levels. Ruing heating from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 95$^{\circ}C$, ORP was increased to 1,150 mV levels at 95$^{\circ}C$ after gradual decrease to 5$0^{\circ}C$. Tyrosinase activity was decreased approximately to 26%~35% in EAW having a 950 mV~1,140 mV ORP. Also it was confirmed that EAW has anti-browning effect as sliced apple and potato, and their juices treated with EAW had conspicous difference in their $\Delta$E value. 12 kinds of pesticides such as aldrine, capful diazinon, diedrin, $\alpha$-endosulfan $\beta$-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, $\alpha$-BHC, o,p'-DDT, procymidone, PCNB added in EAW were recovered from ND~73.6% comparing to ones added in distilled water. The recovered amounts of pesticides, procymidone and diazinon in lettuce after soaking in EAW were 1.12 ppm and ND, compared with those of amounts soaked in distilled water were 3.67 ppm and 3.05 ppm respectively. So, it seems that EAW has potentials to promote the degradation of pesticides.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.396-401
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• 2010

Tolclofos-methyl is one of the most widely used organophosphorous pesticides in control of soil-borne diseases in ginseng field. In Korea, residues of tolclofosmethyl in ginseng and cultivation soil is quite often detecting. The objective of this study was to know the possibility for the accelerated degradation of tolclofos-methyl by various chemical treatment under soil slurry condition. The degradation of tolclofos-methyl was accelerated by zerovalent metals treatment in soil slurry. The degradation rate of tolclofos-methyl was found to be at higher zerovalent zinc than unannealed zerovalent and annealed zerovalent iron. The effect of different sizes of zerovalent iron on tolclofos-methyl degradation was showed that the smaller size of zerovalent iron, the greater the degradation rate. In aqueous solution of pH 4.0 below the degradation rate of tolclofos-methyl was very high. Under this experimental condition, tolclofos-methyl degradation was the greatest at 2% (w/v) of ZVI under 0.1 N of HCl in 24 hours, the degradation rate was 94.4%. By testing various chemicals, it was found that $Fe_2(SO_4)_3$ as iron source showed better for degrading tolclofos-methyl in $H_2O_2$ 500 mM treatment and sodium sulfite also showed the degradable possibility tolclofos-methyl in soil slurry.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 1983

The effects of some soil conditions on the degradation rate and decomposing pattern of thiolix were investigated and the obtained results are summarized as follows: Thiolix degraded more rapidly in flood soils than in noon-flooded, and in wet soils than in dry soils under non-flooded soils. The degradation rates in non-flooded soils increased with higher pesticide concentration. Thiolix was more persistent in non-flooded soils under soil sterelization than under non-sterilization and degraded rapidly in glucose application. The metabolites identified from the soils by TLC and GLC include Thiolix alcohol, Thiolix sulfate, Thiolix ether and a unknown metabolite. Soil enzyme, acid phosphatase activity decreased at higher pesticide concentration, lower moisture contents of soil and the activity in glucose application was increased. Soil enzyme, urease and dehydrogenase activity decreased at higher pesticide concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1982

This experiment was conducted to see the effect of repeated application of IBP granular formulation(17%, 0,0-diisopropyl-S-benzyl thiophosphate) on the biodegradation of IBP and diazinon〔0,0-diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate〕 in silt loam soil with 2.1% organic matter under flooded condition. The persistence of IBP in the soil was shortened by increasing the frequencies of application of the chemical. Enhanced degradation ability in the soil caused by repeated application of IBP was prolonged about 53 days, while the ability did not influence diazinon persistence in the soil. The half-lives of IBP in sterilized soil autoclaved at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes were about 3 times longer than those in viable soil, suggesting that microbial process was a major factor for IBP degradation in the soil. The total colony number of soil microbes showed little difference between the soils with and without repeated application of IBP. A possible concern of specific soil microorganisms on the pesticide degradation in soil was discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.176-186
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• 2022

Continued fenvalerate use has caused serious environmental pollution and requires large-scale remediation. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was discovered in fenvalerate metabolites degraded by Citrobacter freundii CD-9. Coculturing is an effective method for bioremediation, but few studies have analyzed the degradation pathways and potential mechanisms of cocultures. Here, a DBP-degrading strain (BDBP 071) was isolated from soil contaminated with pyrethroid pesticides (PPs) and identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila. The optimum conditions for DBP degradation were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) analysis to be 30.9 mg/l DBP concentration, pH 7.5, at a culture temperature of 37.2℃. Under the optimized conditions, approximately 88% of DBP was degraded within 48 h and five metabolites were detected. Coculturing C. freundii CD-9 and S. acidaminiphila BDBP 071 promoted fenvalerate degradation. When CD-9 was cultured for 16 h before adding BDBP 071, the strain inoculation ratio was 5:5 (v/v), fenvalerate concentration was 75.0 mg/l, fenvalerate was degraded to 84.37 ± 1.25%, and DBP level was reduced by 5.21 mg/l. In addition, 12 fenvalerate metabolites were identified and a pathway for fenvalerate degradation by the cocultured strains was proposed. These results provide theoretical data for further exploration of the mechanisms used by this coculture system to degrade fenvalerate and DBP, and also offer a promising method for effective bioremediation of PPs and their related metabolites in polluted environments.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2003

Haloaliphatic hydrocarbons have been widely used as solvents and ingredients of pesticides and herbicides. However, when these compounds contaminate the environment, they can be very hazardous to animals and humans because of their potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, lots of studies have been made for microbial degradation of those pollutant chemicals. In this study, 11 bacterial strains capable of degrading 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), 2-chloropropionic acid (2-CPA), 2,3-dichloropropionic acid (2,3-DCPA), and 2-monochloroacetic acid (2-MCA) by hydrolytic dechlorination under aerobic conditions were isolated from wastewaters and rice paddy soil samples. Their morphological and biochemical characteristics and their degradation capabilities of haloaliphatic hydrocarbons were examined. On the basis of the 16S rDNA sequences, 8 different kinds of microbial species, including Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Xanthobacter flavus, Ralstonia eutropha, were identified. All of the isolated strains can degrade MCA. In particular, strains UE-2 and UE-15 degraded 1,2-DCA, and strain CA-11 degraded 2,3-DCPA, which are hardly degraded by other strains.