Seasonal threshold values for fog detection over the ten airport areas within the Korean Peninsula have been derived from the data of polar-orbit Aqua/Terra MODIS and geostationary GOES-9 during a two years. The values are obtained from reflectance at $0.65{\mu}m\;(R_{0.65})$ and the difference in brightness temperature between $3.7{\mu}m\;and\;11{\mu}m\;(T_{3.7-11})$. In order to examine the discrepancy between the threshold values of two kinds of satellites, the following four parameters have been analyzed under the condition of daytime/nighttime and fog/clear-sky, utilizing their simultaneous observations over the Seoul metropolitan area: brightness temperature at $3.7{\mu}m$, the temperature at $11{\mu}m,\;the\;T_{3.7-11}$ for day and night, and the $R_{0.65}$ for daytime. The parameters show significant correlations (r<0.5) in spatial distribution between the two kinds of satellites. The discrepancy between their infrared thresholds is mainly due to the disagreement in their spatial resolutions and spectral bands, particularly at $3.7{\mu}m$. Fog detection from GOES-9 over the nine airport areas except the Cheongju airport has revealed accuracy of 60% in the daytime and 70% in the nighttime, based on statistical verification. The accuracy decreases in foggy cases with twilight, precipitation, short persistence, or the higher cloud above fog. The sensitivity of radiance and reflectance with wavelength has been analyzed in numerical experiments with respect to various meteorological conditions to investigate optical characteristics of the three channels.
Son Jin-Tae;Kim Ji-Hong;Kim Pyung-Kil;Chung Hyeun-Joo
Childhood Kidney Diseases
/
v.2
no.1
/
pp.41-49
/
1998
Treatment of $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura nephritis(HSPN) accomanied by nephrotic syndrome is still controversal, even though both corticosteroids and immunosuppressants have been used for therapy. Azathioprine(AZA) is a chemical analog of the physiologic purines-adenine, guanine, and hyoxanthine and an antagonist to purine metabolism which may inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis and is mainly used for immunosuppressive agent. We studied the effects of AZA in HSPN accompanied by nephrotic syndrome and evaluating the clinical status and histopathologic changes by sequential biopsies following the treatment. Fifteen patients with nehprotic syndrome either initially or during the course of HSPN confirmed by renal biopsies were treated with AZA(2 mg/kg/day) and prednisolone (0.5-1 mg/kg/day qod) for 8months. Folow up renal biopsy was done after treatment in 11 patients. The clinical status of the patients on admission were C(12 cases) and B(3 cases). Improvement of clinical status were showed in 12 cases, but 3 cases were not improved and 1 case was aggrevated after AZA treatment. Complete remission of proteinuria were in 8 cases(53.3%), partial remission were in 4 cases(26.7%) and persistence of proteinuria and hematuria were in 3 cases(20.0%). The loss of hematuria were in 10 cases(66.7%). Histopathologically and immunopathologically, 4 cases were improved. This study suggests that, although control studies are needed, AZA could be used in the treatment of HSPN accompanied by nephrotic syndrome.
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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v.13
no.4
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pp.257-267
/
1993
Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture. The field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of cutting management on growth and reserve carbohydrates in stubble. and on dry matter yield of orchardgrass dominated pasture during the mid-summer season. Three different cutting times(July 15, 25 and August 5) as a main plot and three cutting heights(3, 6 and 10cm) as a sub plot were disigned with three replications. The experiment was done at pasture of Changsung Agricultural High School in 1988. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Temperature of soil surface and underground in the cutting of July 15 and July 25 was not showed significantly different, because of low intensity of radiation with a run of wet weather, and that of August 5 cutting tends to be lowed in high cutting height during the mid-summer season. 2. Amount of soil moisture against cutting height showed that high cutting had a low content. 3. Growth rate against regrowth of plant height, lear length and leaf area showed to be fast in high cutting. 4. Rapid recovery period of carbohydrate content after cutting and large amount of carbohydrate accumulation were showed in the cutting of July 15 and 25 compared with August 5 cutting in the reserve carbohydrate content against cutting of time and height during the mid-summer season. 5. Dry matter yield of the 4th and 5th cutting showed to be remarkable in July 15 cutting compared to those of July 25 and August 5. From the above results, it is suggested that the 10cm cutting height during the mid-summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, reserve carbohydrates and dry matter yield of orchardgrass.
In the polythylene film mulching(P.E. mulching) culture, soil temperature ranked in the order of clear P.E.-, black P.E.-, and non-mulching. The difference in temperature between P.E mulching and non-mulching conditions was greatest in maximum temperature in fine day. Under the dry season, soil water content ranked in the order of black P.E.-, clear P.E.- and non-mulched soil. Under the rainy season, however, the content in non-mulched soil was higher than in the mulched soils, while there was little difference between the two colored films. In three phases of soil, liquid phase ratio was higher and gaseous phase ratio was lower in mulched soil than in non-mulched soil under the dry season. However, the opposite result was observed under the rainy season. The content of soil organic matter in red pepper field applied with the compost and mixed-fertilizer ranked in the order of black P.E.-, clear P.E.- and non-mulching conditions. However, the content between mulching and non-mulching differed little in peanut field applied with mixed-fertilizer. In red pepper field, soil nitrogen content in mulching conditions slightly differed from that in non-mulching conditions during the dry season. The soil nitrogen content decreased rapidly 86 days after fertilizer application during the rainy season. In peanut field, there was little difference in the content between the two conditions. The nitrogen content in the leaves of red pepper and peanut was much higher in P.E mulching than in non-mulching.
Screen Quota is very important topic at our whole society not only film industry. Moreover the opinions are sharply divided. So, journalism, at the objective and neutral position, has the responsibility to present objective field to discuss and neutral information. This script censoriously focuses that how Korean Journalism handles Screen Quota issue from the upper mentioned premises. The first point is Korean Journalism gives legitimacy to the Governmental persistence, which is fixing Screen Quota as a hurdle for the FTA settlement so that it should be reduced. Secondly, Korean Journalism has been reducing the importance of the Screen Quota issue as the problem of film industry itself own, describing it as combat between Government and Film Industry. Third, it describes the Screen Quota as a privilege granted to the Film industry only. Finally, it provides power to the point of view of the Government which insists to reduce the Screen Quota mentioning the superiority of the competitiveness of the Koran Films discriminatingly. In conclusion, I could not but define that Korean Journalism is only speaking for America and Korean Government especially about the Screen Quota issue which is divided sharply. What it means is Korean Journalism has not been providing not only objective information but also impartial dispute field to the public for the issue which has very importance socially. The news and discussions about Screen Quota shows that this issue is not free from the progress of FTA which includes the Screen Quota problem. Further on, it could be deduced that the discussion about Korean film industry has kept on focusing its topic to the choice of decreasing or maintaining Screen Quota. The cultural contents have been expanding its importance day by day. Endeavors to settle the enormous problems of film industry should be preceded to strengthen the competitiveness and to prepare against market opening. Consequently, to solve the problems of film industry, Screen Quota should be positioned as a protect policy rather than a remedy for every ill, at the same time all the possibilities should be considered especially for the problems that Screen Quota could not solve.
Perlite, a hydrated volcanic glass, occurs mainly as a bed-like body, and is distributed intermittently along the unconformity surface between the Beomgockri Group and its lower formations, viz. Janggi Group. The perlite is intimately associated with surrounding pumiceous welded tuff and rhyodacites in space and time. Compared to the typical perlite, the perlite is rather silica-poor and impure, and thus, includes lots of phenocrysts and rock fragments. Nearly the perlite is compositionally rather close to a pitchstone than a perlite in water contents. Petrographic comparison between perlite and associated volcanic to volcaniclastic rocks indicates that pumiceous welded tuff and rhyodacite seem to be Protolith of the Perlite. A Zr/$TiO_{2}$-Nb/Y diagram and field occurrence of perlite and their protolithic rocks also conforms the above interpretation. Kn addition, remnant vesicles in perlite strongly reflect that the precursor of perlitic glass appeared to be pumice fragment as well as volcanic glass. The perlite was diagenetically formed by way of a pervasive water-rock interaction at the deposition of the Manghaesan Formation in lacustrine environment. During perlitization, $SiO_{2}$ and alkali tend to be consistently depleted. Preexisting system of the Beomgockri Group based on the perlite formation should be corrected, because the perlite was formed diagenetically without lateral persistence in its occurrence.
Kim, Do-Sung;Kwon, Yong-Jung;Kim, Dong-Hyuk;Kim, Chang-Hwan;Suh, Min-Hwan;Park, Seong-Joon;Yeon, Myung-Hun;Lee, Doo-Beom
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
/
v.39
no.4
/
pp.98-106
/
2011
Establishing conservation programs to protect and maintain populations of endangered species are not only a global trend, but also a pursuit endorsed by the Korean Environmental Conservation Act. This study evaluates the feasibility of alternative habitat patches for the endangered butterfly Parnassius bremeri. A portion of habitat of P. bremeri is expected to be fragmented and damaged due to the scheduled construction of the Sangju-Yongduk Highway. A trans fer of the habitat patches of P. bremeri is also scheduled. In order to select an alternative habitat patch, the Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) method was used to simulate a patch transfer model. The connectedness between habitat are as and the survival of local populations were evaluated for each candidate habitat. It was found that metapopulations with patch distances of <250m showed a 50% connectedness and survival rate in local populations. P. bremeri were expected to migrate at an average distance of 300m. In addition, P. bremeri formed a metapopulation that exhibited intimate patch dynamics that promoted persistence among these patches. Possible candidate habitats including those recommended by local governing bodies were evaluated along with habitats that may counter problems arising from the damage done to the original habitat and habitats that may have a compensatory value equal to that of the original habitat. Based on these criteria, Ansa-myeon township office was selected due to its high scores. This scoring was based on a consideration of a wide range of variables that mark a successful transfer of habitat. These include the amount of funding available, the governing bodies of the possible alternative habitat, and the Expected collaborative effort of local citizens. This decision was collaborated on by incorporating the expertise of various fields of study including biology, ecology, biogeography, ecological engineering, landscape architecture, and social sciences. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to evaluate an alternative habitat for organisms, many social issues as well as ecological issues must be considered.
Availability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited due to its poor introduction to swards and lack of persistence under improper grazing management. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of initial defoliation stage and defoliation interval on the growth of white clover varieties. Individual plants of Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S.1 (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (medium-small leaf) and S184 (small leaf) were grown in containers (4.5 $\times$ 13.5 cm) containing a 1:2:1 soil:sand:Promix until reaching to the stage of 1, 4, or 8 trifoliolates, and then clipped to remove all fully expanded leaves every 7 or 28 days (d). For analysis of morphological parameters, plants were sampled on the final harvest date (0 d), and 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after the final harvest date. Harvested dry weight (dw) of all varieties declined as defoliation interval declined or initial defoliation was made earlier. That of Regal was the highest as initial defoliation was delayed. On the 7 d regrowth shoot and root dw were increased as initial defoliation was delayed or interval lengthened, whereas on the 28 d regrowth the trend was alleviated. Root dw and biomass of Regal were higher than the other varieties during the whole regrowing period, when the increase of biomass resulted from that of shoot dw. Leaf areas and petiole lengths of all varieties declined under 7 d defoliation interval. The area and the length declined with earlier initial defoliation on the 7 d regrowth but not on the 28 d regrowth. Stolon length and growing tips of S184 were the highest and increased more steeply during regrowth, while those of Regal were the lowest and did slightly. It is concluded that the continuous defoliation and the first defoliation at earlier growth stage have detrimental effects on growth of white clover, although larger leaf types are more productive but less persistent in a sward than smaller leaf types.
Objectives : Illness behavior is defined as the persistence of an adaptive/maladaptive mode of perceiving, evaluating and responding to health status and symptoms according to the status. In a cognitive aspect, somatizing symptoms are regarded as being originated from distortions, including magnification and/or amplification, of perceiving, evaluating and responding to symptoms such as bodily sensations. That is somatization may be explained by maladaptive illness behavior. In this study, we tried to investigate differences of illness behavior in depressive patient according to the presence of somatization. Methods : We divided 45 patients who were diagnosed as depression with ICD-10 diagnostic criteria into two groups(somatizing and non-somatizing group) according to the somatization subscale of Korean Depression Scale and compared two groups in the differences of illness behavior using the Illness Behavior Questionnaire. Results : Somatizing group showed significantly higher scores than non-somatizing group on the disease affirmation subscale($6.79{\pm}2.08$ vs. 4.76, p=0.003) and the denial subscale($3.25{\pm}1.22$ vs. $2.10{\pm}1.41$, p=0.006). There were no significant differences between two groups on the general hypochondriasis subscale and the affective unstability subscale. In a logistic regression analysis, somatizing group also showed higher odds ratio (OR) scores on the disease affirmation subscale(OR=1.418, p=0.089) and the denial subscale(OR=1.880, p=0.083). Conclusion : The disease affirmation and denial may be a discriminative mechanism of somatization in depressive patients. These subscales of Illness Behavior Questionnare could be useful markers, and psychiatric illnesses with somatizing and depressive symptoms may be differentially diagnosed and be predicted through these subscales.
Won, Kyung-Sik;Chung, Sang Yong;Lee, Chang-Sup;Jeong, Jae-Hoon
The Journal of Engineering Geology
/
v.25
no.2
/
pp.215-225
/
2015
We performed injection tests in a deep-seated confined aquifer to assess the potential of artificial recharge as a means of preventing saltwater contamination, thereby securing groundwater resources for the Nakdong Delta area of Busan City, Korea. The study area comprises a confined aquifer, in which a 10-21-m-thick clay layer overlies 31.5-36.5 m of sand and a 2.8-11-m-thick layer of gravel. EC logging of five monitoring wells yielded a value of 7-44 mS/cm, with the transition between saline and fresh water occurring at a depth of 15-38 m. Above 5 m depth, water temperature is 10-15.5℃, whereas between 5 and 50 m depth the temperature is 15.5-17℃. Approximately 950 m3 of fresh water was injected into the OW-5 injection well at a rate of 370 m3/day for 62 hours, after which the fresh water zone was detected by a CTD Diver installed at a depth of 40 m. The persistence of the fresh water zone was determined via EC and temperature logging at 24 hours after injection, and again 21 days after injection. We observed a second fresh water zone in the OW-2 well, where the first injection test was performed more than 20 days before the second injection test. The contact between fresh and saline water in the injection well is represented by a sharp boundary rather than a transitional boundary. We conclude that the injected fresh water occupied a specific space and served to maintain the original water quality throughout the observation period. Moreover, we suggest that artificial recharge via long-term injection could help secure a new alternative water resource in this saline coastal aquifer.
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